Working With Groups Of Domestic Violence Essay - 803 Words

This journal article will discuss group work in the beginning phase and will discuss working with groups of domestic violence with adults, teenagers and dating violence, and children and domestic violence groups. The case examples will discuss the tasks and skills necessary in the beginning phase such as establishing a contract, cultivating group cohesion, and shaping norms of participation. In addition, the required knowledge will be discussed for the beginning phase which include, understanding the interactions, relevant theories and evidence-based practices, and understanding the group types to name a few examples. Furthermore, this journal entry will discuss what the outcomes of the groups would be and how they may help the individuals in the treatment groups which include adults, teenagers, and children. 3.3 Journal Group Work in the Beginning Phase Example 1: Domestic Violence Group with Adults Demonstrate Critical Tasks and Skills. The critical tasks and skills required for working with a domestic violence group with adults, include establishing a contract, cultivating group cohesion, and shaping norms and participation of the group members and the group as a whole. When establishing a contract for the group it would be necessary for the group and the social worker to identify the tasks that need to be accomplished, the goals that want to be accomplished which include group goals and individual goals for the members, and process for achieving the goals andShow MoreRelatedInterpersonal Violence And Promoting Gender Justice829 Words   |  4 Pagesa New York City nonprofit organization dedicated to preventing interpersonal violence and promoting gender justice. It was founded in 1993 in NYC, and operates at a local level. CONNECT is a leading, non-profit training, educational and advocacy organization dedicated to the prevention and elimination of interpersonal violence. CONNECT’s multi-level approaches deal with both the systemic and individual roots of violence. In order to align with CONNECT’S mission, a major goal includes transformingRead MoreAn Informational Interview: Sarah Buel1041 Words   |  4 Pagesof work involving domestic violence, though I am still uncertain of the nature of that work. As a result, I decide to interview Sarah Buel. Sarah Buel is a noted attorney in the field of domestic violence. Currently a Clinical Professor and Founding Director of the Diane Halle Center for Family Justice at the Sandra Day OConnor College of Law at Arizona State University, Buel was one of the names that came up most frequently as I was looking into the field of domestic violence (Sandra Day OConnorRead MoreDomestic Violence Awareness1353 Words   |  5 PagesDomestic Violence Awareness Each month 1 to 3 women will experience domestic violence or also known as intimate partner violence. These women stand a very high death rate than any other leading cause of death for women of all ages. It’s a crime and a problem that is more than likely never addressed like it should be. Most often these victims will not speak out on their abuse or attacks. â€Å"Everyday 3 or more women are murdered in a domestic violence attack by their boyfriends or husbands†(â€Å"DomesticRead MoreDomestic Violence ( Dv )987 Words   |  4 PagesNeeds Statement: Domestic violence (DV), also known as intimate partner violence, is a pattern of abusive behavior that keeps one partner in a position of power over the other through the use of fear, intimidation and control. DV is a cultural and societal problem, and not a women’s problem or a men’s problem as many people come to believe. The problem also stems from the lack of adequate and consistent training for persons helping survivors escape their situation. Therefore, the solution to preventRead MoreChild Protection Service 1393 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic violence is a major problem that we are facing in our society; statistics estimate that each year in the â€Å"Untied States 5.3 million women and 3.2 million men are abused by [there] domestic partners† (Black, Dempsey, Davis 2010, 900). Domestic violence or family violence are defined as â€Å"the abuse of power within relationships of the family, trust or dependency that endangers the survival, security or well-being of another person. It can include many forms of abuse... [including] witnessingRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography: Domestic Violence and Its Effects on Children1382 Words   |  6 PagesAnnotated Bibliograph y: Domestic Violence and its effects on Children Groves, B.M. (1999). Mental Health Services for Children Who Witness Domestic Violence. The Future of Children, 9(3), 122-132. This article provides a good introduction for practitioners working with children who witness family violence. The article summarizes the effects domestic violence can have on children such as; aggressiveness, depression, anxiety, learning disabilities, and sleep deprivation. The author stressesRead MoreEssay On Bridging Access To Care1256 Words   |  6 Pagesfield of social work for seventeen years, and throughout her career, she worked with individuals who are survivors of domestic/ family violence. Prior to her employment at BAC, Mrs. Stuart worked in an Adolescent Treatment Program in Salt Lake City, Utah for ten years with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) homeless youth and young adults who were victims of family violence. Her duties included coordinating services based on a Person Center Model to meet the needs of the population. TheseRead MoreLong-Term Consequences of Childhood Exposure to Domestic Violence948 Words   |  4 PagesConsequences of Childhood Expos ure to Domestic Violence Abstract: Domestic violence effects everybody in a family. Patterns of abuse from one parent to another, between both parents or directed toward a child all have a composite effect of inflicting potentially severe emotional damage upon the child. The research outlined here identifies domestic violence as a serious sociological problem and consequently provides a usable definition of domestic violence for the present study. This is followedRead MoreDomestic Violence Shelterss1126 Words   |  5 Pageshad higher exposure to domestic violence, but those who had low exposure to intimate partner violence showed a neutral response (Foshee et al., 2015, p. 1005). The program was effective for a select group, but the other was seemingly left out, which proves to be common in many other programs as well. This is why these improvements to Dove, Inc. will be more efficient in reaching all groups of intimate partner violence victims. Bowers et al. (2016) state that â€Å"domestic violence crosses all ra cial, culturalRead MoreSpecific Concern:. Women Who Have Experienced The Trauma1080 Words   |  5 Pagesthe trauma of domestic violence and have disorders such as PTSD, general anxiety disorder, battered women syndrome (BWS), depressive disorders, and dissociation. Name of Program Transformation Healing Empowerment Sailing Program (THESP) Mission and Vision TESP is a program developed for healing, transformation and empowering women of domestic violence (DV). This program is designed for those who have been stuck in the pattern of domestic abuse violence of all forms. Forms of domestic abuse include

Taking a Look at Lewis Carroll - 1960 Words

Lewis Carroll was born on January 27, 1832, as Charles Lutwidge Dodgson to a family of workers in the army and Church (and a whole family full of Charles’). His great-grandfather, also Charles Dodgson, had been a bishop. His grandfather, another Charles Dodgson, had been an army captain and ended up being killed in battle, leaving two children behind. The elder son, Charles, went to Westminster and then Oxford. This Charles married his cousin in 1827 and became a country parson. Out of this marriage came yet another Charles. Our Charles, who came to use the penname of Lewis Carroll (and, gee, I wonder why). He was the third of eleven children who, remarkably, all lived to adulthood. The first years of his education were spent at home and consisted of reading materials and progressing at his own rate. By the age of seven, he was reading The Pilgrim’s Progress. It’s been said that he was originally left-handed but was forced to adapt to use his right hand, which wa s not an uncommon practice at the time. There is no evidence of such a thing happening, though, nor of the trauma it supposedly caused a young Carroll (VictorianWeb). He began attending Oxford in 1851. After attending the school for two days, however, he was called home due to his mother’s death. Young Charles didn’t let her death distract too much from his path at Oxford. He did not always give his best or work his hardest in his academic career, but he was an exceptionally gifted student and achievement cameShow MoreRelated The Mathematical Aspects of Lewis Carrolls Alice in Wonderland1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe Mathematical Aspects of Lewis Carrolls Alice in Wonderland The story Alice in Wonderland was written about a little girl named Alice who was a child of the dean of the Church of Christ. Alice Liddell was the one who convinced Charles Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) to write down the verbal story originally known as Alices Adventure Underground.Actually, the book is known by several different names, Alices Hours in Elfand,Alices Adventures in Wonderland, and Alice in Wonderland.I found it interestingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Fairy Tale 1580 Words   |  7 Pageswith an understanding of the moral codes of society. In the fairy tale â€Å"Alice in Wonderland† by Lewis Carroll, children learn the importance of having a middle ground when setting ethical rules in order to maintain a perfect society. In this fairy tale, the protagonist Alice is constantly contemplating about her purpose in life as she goes on this journey and asks herself â€Å"Who in the world am I?† (Lewis 19). This is something that children often struggle to understand and in order to grasp the coreRead MoreFacing Adolescence in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland Essays1485 Words   |  6 PagesLewis Carroll exemplifies the inevitable changes all children face when they enter the adult world in his novel, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, by taking readers on a compelling journey through the adolescence of a young girl who struggles to find her identity in a realm she cannot comprehend. Carroll personifies this trying journey through the protagonist, Alice. Alice is a seven year old girl, growing up in the Victorian Age, a time of rapid change and development. â€Å"Alice is engaged in a romanceRead MoreSongs of Innocence and Songs of Experience by William Blake Essay example1126 Words   |  5 Pagesthem and Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Blake, considered a radical thinker in his time, is today thought to be an important and seminal figure in the literature of the Romantic period. Being such a figure he has no doubt helped to influence many great thinkers throughout history, one of whom I believe is Carroll. There are many instances throughout Carroll’s story where comparable concepts of innocence and adulthood are evident. Through its themes of romanticism, Carroll craftsRead MoreLewis Carrolls Life and Works Essay2491 Words   |  10 PagesLewis Carroll, born Charles Dodgson, was a writer, mathematician, photographer, and a man of religion. Lewis Carroll is a well known British writer throughout the world. As a child, Carroll ente rtained his brothers and sister as well as the children of his best friend when he was an adult. Lewis Carroll went through many challenges as he was matured, and even though he had to overcome them, his imagination only grew in strength and never waned until near his death. His work of art in the childRead MoreAlices Adventure in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll2035 Words   |  8 PagesLewis Carrolls â€Å"Alices Adventure In Wonderland † a tale of a young girl named Alice who sits on a riverbank one day, reading over her sister’s shoulder. She got so bored that she fell asleep, and in her dream she sees a White Rabbit running through the woods that she followed down a rabbit hole into a magical world called Wonderland. Alice follows the Rabbit down the hole and stumbles upon a great hallway filled with different doors.she a table with a tiny golden key, and a bottle of potion withRead MoreAlice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass2525 Word s   |  11 Pagesmeaningless, they permit one a chance to create a place where one can rehearse the future and imagine new adventures without risk. Allowing the mind to roam without restrictions can show us who were really are and how we perceive the world around us. Lewis Carroll uses these fantastical thoughts as a foundation for that of Wonderland, a bizarre and seemingly absurd world in which, Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland and the sequel, Through the Looking Glass occur. These novels both depict the journey and adventureRead More «Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland »7735 Words   |  31 PagesMINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE IVAN FRANKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LVIV ENGLISH DEPARTMENT LEXICAL AND STYLISTIC DEVICES IN LEWIS CAROLL’S NOVEL  «ALICE’S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND » COURSE PAPER PRESENTED BY Read MoreAlice In Wonderland Archetypes1298 Words   |  6 Pagesschools and the study of archetypes, literature can be taken a step further and bring out one of the possible meanings that was intended by the writer by analysing this schools and theories. In Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll, archetypes invite readers to look at the story in more depth, feminism is shown in a way that dares the Victorian standards of a woman, and the patterns which heroes follow can be spotted. To begin, archetypes are highly evident in this novel. To begin, the plotRead MoreAlice in Wonderland - Nonsense? Essay1805 Words   |  8 PagesPlaces and Things Tewksbury, MA: Free paper Inc., 1999./center br br brLewis Carrolls works Alices Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking Glass and What Alice Found There are by many people considered nonsense books for children. Of course, they are, but they are also much more. Lewis Carroll had a great talent of intertwining nonsense and logic, and therefore creating sense within nonsense. If you look past the nonsense you can find a new meaning other than the one you found completing

The Impact Of Literature On Literature And The Social View...

Literature possess the capability to vastly influence the world, and those who find a way to impact literature drive the powerful influence. Few people in the history of literature publicized as many thoughts and critical views as T.S. Eliot, and by disseminating his opinions throughout the literature world, Eliot found a way to communicate new perspectives and tastes in literature (Worthen). Born in the fall of 1888, T.S. Eliot grew up to become one of the most influential poets of all time, as he found a unique way of communicating through literature. Sometimes referred to as the â€Å"keeper of the language† or the â€Å"model poet of our time† Eliot presented powerful criticisms of society, while brilliantly presenting his ideas through essays†¦show more content†¦Containing stories, news, and opinions of both T.S. Eliot and others who wrote about him, The Letters of T.S. Eliot offer an inside perspective on Eliot’s life.. In Volume 1 of the revised edition of the letters Patrick Query describes how T.S. Eliot felt so much passion for culture and how it must improve (Letters, Volume 1). In the volume, the writer states that Eliot started a movement to modernize literature all on his own. Eliot contained such a strong passion for making the world a better place, that as society generally acted apathetic towards life, Eliot strived for a culture where people actually inserted energy and passion into life. Also, in John Worthen’s biography of T.S. Eliot, the author believes Eliot focused the entire masterpiece of Four Quartets on illustrating to his audience despite painful times in life, people must focus more on the beauty of life (Worthen). Devoting much of his literature career to impacting society, Eliot often focused on changing the lack of enthusiasm culture contained. Besides driving culture forward in passion for life, Eliot lived at the forefront of contemporary literature. Before the 20th century, literature foll owed many traditions and guidelines throughout its poems, essays, novels, and plays, but T.S. Eliot played a significant role in bringing about literary modernism. One of Eliot’s great works, Four QuartetsShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Literature On Literature And The Social View Of Poetry1724 Words   |  7 Pages Literature possesses the capability to vastly influence the world, and those who find a way to impact literature drive the powerful influence. Few people in the history of literature publicized as many thoughts and critical views as T.S. Eliot, and by disseminating his opinions throughout the literature world, Eliot found a way to communicate new perspectives and tastes in literature (Worthen). Born in the fall of 1888, T.S. Eliot grew up to become one of the most influential poets of all time,Read MoreLangston Hughes : Black Poets Impact On African American Literature857 Words   |  4 Pages Texas Southern University Black Poets Impact In African American Literature Michael Winston English 132-11 Prof. Dr. Harmon 11-20-2017 African American literature is literature written from African descents that focused on the early time to recent time movements. Early as the 1700’s and late as the 1900’s where African American literature was in progress. Poetry was a substantial part of African American literature, because black poets talked about culture, racism, slavery, andRead MoreGeoffrey Chaucer s Impact On Literature1231 Words   |  5 PagesGeoffrey Chaucer’s Impact on Literature: English poet Geoffrey Chaucer is acclaimed to be one of the best and most influential poets in history. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote several famous literary works in what is called middle English. Geoffrey Chaucer was born in 1340 in London, England. Over the course of Chaucer’s life, he entered and exited several different social classes. He began to write his most known pieces when he became a public servant to Countess Elizabeth of Ulster in 1357. He diedRead MoreSuperb Motivation. Literature Possesses The Capability1749 Words   |  7 PagesSuperb Motivation Literature possesses the capability to vastly influence the world, and those who find a way to impact literature drive this powerful influence. Few people in the history of literature publicized as many thoughts and critical views as T.S. Eliot, and by disseminating his opinions throughout the literature world, Eliot found a way to communicate new perspectives and tastes in literature (Worthen). Born in the fall of 1888, T.S. Eliot grew up to become one of the most influentialRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray- One Of My Favourite Novels- Wilde1338 Words   |  6 PagesI find the way in which literature can both present and challenge the context and culture which it was written in fascinating. This is especially apparent both within the texts I have been studying for A-level Literature and my own personal further reading. Especially, texts which challenge the social norms of their time are particularly fascinating to me. In The Picture of Dorian Gray- one of my favourite novels- W ilde demonstrates the contrast between the supposed high morality in Victorian societyRead MoreThe Man Within The Shadows1414 Words   |  6 Pageseighteenth and nineteenth centuries was a time that manifested the act of slavery and segregation. In these centuries, the African American Literature was born and based its focus on themes of interest of a select group of people who were known as Negroes, along with oral poetry, gospel music, blues and rap (â€Å"African America literature† 1). African American Literature began with slavery and colonization, however, was not originated until the attention of the Caucasian audience was pronounced with theRead MoreInfluences of the Romantic Period1575 Words   |  7 Pagescontrasted the then prevalent classical forms of literature such as the French Neoclassical Tragedy. But this new emotional literary expression would be a key part of literature during the Romantic Era (Britannica). Literature during the Romantic Era was influenc ed by politics and major historical events and social reforms, religion, science, economics, and art and music. Literature of the Romantic Era was heavily influenced by the politics, major events and social reforms of the time, the most notable beingRead MoreThe Feminist: Aphra Behn Essay786 Words   |  4 PagesIn the 17th century a writer named Aphra Behn emerged as leader in English literature. With a shaky beginning, Behn persevered to become the first female professional writer. With her feminist opinions, she revolutionized writing and her impacts in the 17th century would change modern day writing. Behn was a clever writer who wrote lively, vibrant plays and poetry. Behn impacted the world, not only with her writing, but also with her determination and voice about her feminist opinions. Behn showedRead MoreCritical Analysis of Romanticism1387 Words   |  6 PagesThis literature review will critically analyse a range of arguments and perspectives by literary critics and historians and their views will be pertinent to the study of Romanticism . Due to the scale of research i n Romantic literature as a discipline, the main focus in this paper will concentrate primarily on two major paradigms in Romantic literature. These two aspects are referred to as Romantic nature and Romantic sublime. The paper will be organised and divided into twoRead MoreT.S. Eliots Writing Style and Use of Symbolism790 Words   |  4 Pagesrisk going too far can possibly find out how far one can go,† T.S. Eliot is basically trying to say that only people who push their limit can actually see how much they can really accomplish. T.S. Eliot made poetry that showed his negative views on life, people, and world. T.S. Eliot took poetry to another level by the way he writes and uses symbolism. Thomas Stearns was born on September 26, 1888. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri. His father was Henry ware Eliot who was the president of the Hydraulic-press The Impact Of Literature On Literature And The Social View... Literature possesses the capability to vastly influence the world, and those who find a way to impact literature drive the powerful influence. Few people in the history of literature publicized as many thoughts and critical views as T.S. Eliot, and by disseminating his opinions throughout the literature world, Eliot found a way to communicate new perspectives and tastes in literature (Worthen). Born in the fall of 1888, T.S. Eliot grew up to become one of the most influential poets of all time, as he found a unique way of communicating through literature. Sometimes referred to as the â€Å"keeper of the language† or the â€Å"model poet of our time† Eliot presented powerful criticisms of society, while brilliantly presenting his ideas through†¦show more content†¦Beyond the poetry he wrote, Eliot drove the world to modernist views through essays and other means of literature. Containing stories, news, and opinions of both T.S. Eliot and others who wrote about h im, The Letters of T.S. Eliot offer an inside perspective on Eliot’s life (Eliot and Haffenden). In Volume 1 of the revised edition of the letters Patrick Query describes how T.S. Eliot felt so much passion for culture and how it must improve (Letters, Volume 1). In the volume, the writer states Eliot started a movement to modernize literature all on his own. Eliot contained such a strong passion for making the world a better place, that as society generally acted apathetically towards life, Eliot strived for a culture where people actually inserted energy and passion into life (Poetry Foundation). Also, in John Worthen’s biography of T.S. Eliot, the author believes Eliot focused the entire masterpiece of Four Quartets on illustrating to his audience despite painful times in life, people must focus more on the beauty of life (Worthen). After addressing the aspects of society he believed needed to improve, Eliot wrote several poems on each topic which showed the beauty of his opinion and a more joyful culture. The Waste Land helps describe how to improve the war stricken world, and other poems such as Four Quartets and The Sacred Wood deal with other cultural characteristics Eliot strived to improve. Devoting much of his literature career to impactingShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Literature On Literature And The Social View Of Poetry1391 Words   |  6 Pages Literature possess the capability to vastly influence the world, and those who find a way to impact literature drive the powerful influence. Few people in the history of literature publicized as many thoughts and critical views as T.S. Eliot, and by disseminating his opinions throughout the literature world, Eliot found a way to communicate new perspectives and tastes in literature (Worthen). Born in the fall of 1888, T.S. Eliot grew up to become one of the most influential poets of all time, asRead MoreLangston Hughes : Black Poets Impact On African American Literature857 Words   |  4 Pages Texas Southern University Black Poets Impact In African American Literature Michael Winston English 132-11 Prof. Dr. Harmon 11-20-2017 African American literature is literature written from African descents that focused on the early time to recent time movements. Early as the 1700’s and late as the 1900’s where African American literature was in progress. Poetry was a substantial part of African American literature, because black poets talked about culture, racism, slavery, andRead MoreGeoffrey Chaucer s Impact On Literature1231 Words   |  5 PagesGeoffrey Chaucer’s Impact on Literature: English poet Geoffrey Chaucer is acclaimed to be one of the best and most influential poets in history. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote several famous literary works in what is called middle English. Geoffrey Chaucer was born in 1340 in London, England. Over the course of Chaucer’s life, he entered and exited several different social classes. He began to write his most known pieces when he became a public servant to Countess Elizabeth of Ulster in 1357. He diedRead MoreSuperb Motivation. Literature Possesses The Capability1749 Words   |  7 PagesSuperb Motivation Literature possesses the capability to vastly influence the world, and those who find a way to impact literature drive this powerful influence. Few people in the history of literature publicized as many thoughts and critical views as T.S. Eliot, and by disseminating his opinions throughout the literature world, Eliot found a way to communicate new perspectives and tastes in literature (Worthen). Born in the fall of 1888, T.S. Eliot grew up to become one of the most influentialRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray- One Of My Favourite Novels- Wilde1338 Words   |  6 PagesI find the way in which literature can both present and challenge the context and culture which it was written in fascinating. This is especially apparent both within the texts I have been studying for A-level Literature and my own personal further reading. Especially, texts which challenge the social norms of their time are particularly fascinating to me. In The Picture of Dorian Gray- one of my favourite novels- W ilde demonstrates the contrast between the supposed high morality in Victorian societyRead MoreThe Man Within The Shadows1414 Words   |  6 Pageseighteenth and nineteenth centuries was a time that manifested the act of slavery and segregation. In these centuries, the African American Literature was born and based its focus on themes of interest of a select group of people who were known as Negroes, along with oral poetry, gospel music, blues and rap (â€Å"African America literature† 1). African American Literature began with slavery and colonization, however, was not originated until the attention of the Caucasian audience was pronounced with theRead MoreInfluences of the Romantic Period1575 Words   |  7 Pagescontrasted the then prevalent classical forms of literature such as the French Neoclassical Tragedy. But this new emotional literary expression would be a key part of literature during the Romantic Era (Britannica). Literature during the Romantic Era was influenc ed by politics and major historical events and social reforms, religion, science, economics, and art and music. Literature of the Romantic Era was heavily influenced by the politics, major events and social reforms of the time, the most notable beingRead MoreThe Feminist: Aphra Behn Essay786 Words   |  4 PagesIn the 17th century a writer named Aphra Behn emerged as leader in English literature. With a shaky beginning, Behn persevered to become the first female professional writer. With her feminist opinions, she revolutionized writing and her impacts in the 17th century would change modern day writing. Behn was a clever writer who wrote lively, vibrant plays and poetry. Behn impacted the world, not only with her writing, but also with her determination and voice about her feminist opinions. Behn showedRead MoreCritical Analysis of Romanticism1387 Words   |  6 PagesThis literature review will critically analyse a range of arguments and perspectives by literary critics and historians and their views will be pertinent to the study of Romanticism . Due to the scale of research i n Romantic literature as a discipline, the main focus in this paper will concentrate primarily on two major paradigms in Romantic literature. These two aspects are referred to as Romantic nature and Romantic sublime. The paper will be organised and divided into twoRead MoreT.S. Eliots Writing Style and Use of Symbolism790 Words   |  4 Pagesrisk going too far can possibly find out how far one can go,† T.S. Eliot is basically trying to say that only people who push their limit can actually see how much they can really accomplish. T.S. Eliot made poetry that showed his negative views on life, people, and world. T.S. Eliot took poetry to another level by the way he writes and uses symbolism. Thomas Stearns was born on September 26, 1888. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri. His father was Henry ware Eliot who was the president of the Hydraulic-press

Macroeconomics Healthcare Essay Example For Students

Macroeconomics Healthcare Essay Macroeconomics of Healthcare Douglas A. Propp, MD, MS, FACEP, CPE Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine Advocate-Lutheran General Hospital Clinical Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine University of Chicago As Emergency Physicians, we are frequently peripherally exposed to healthcare economic statistics, policies, and debates with little concern for mastering these concepts, feeling that they have little to do with our practice of Emergency Medicine. Although a working knowledge of microeconomics will not aid in arriving at the diagnosis for the elderly patient with mental status changes who we are evaluation at 3 A. M. , an understanding of these principles will enhance our roles in positively contributing to the healthcare debate, given our overall limited societal resources. Although not intended to be comprehensive, I will introduce several relevant concepts to hopefully whet your appetite in case you want to pursue them further. Economics Economics is the study of how resources are allocated with the marketplace. 1 I make the analogy between the disciplines of Physics and Economics. Whereas Physics are the laws which explain the observed behavior of matter, Economics are the rules which explain the behavior of people who pursue (and compete with others for) the limited resources (goods, currency, health, etc. ) within a society. The interest in healthcare economics has blossomed over the past several decades as spending on healthcare has continued to escalate, now representing well over $1 trillion (with approximately 40% going to hospitals and 20% going to doctors), and occupying over 16% of the nations Gross Domestic Product (cumulative value of domestic goods and services produced). Many of the healthcare economic principles focus on how people make decisions related to expenditures for the health given competing alternative (e. g. , food, clothing, housing, hobbies, travel, education, etc. ) Insurance Insurance allows typically risk-averse individuals to face uncertainty and spread their potential financial risk across a large number of people, thus limiting the maximal exposure for any one individual. By capitalizing on the law of large numbers, an individual, for example, would not have to pay the total cost of replacing an automobile destroyed in a collision or an expensive hospitalization due to unanticipated but inevitable illness or injury. Unlike other countries, and certainly since the introduction of the Medicare and Medicaid programs in the 1960s, American have relied on health insurance to fun their consumption of healthcare resources. Insurance companies, who indemnify the cumulative financial risk of the covered group, utilize various methodologies to determine a fair price for their product. Their risk is related to arriving at a fair up front premium prior to them realizing the subsequent costs during the coverage period. Experience rating (based on knowledge of prior claims of the covered group) differs from community rating where the insurance company prices their product to cover all subscribers in a given location, irrespective of age or health experience. For a comparably priced product, one could expect insurance companies to pursue healthier individuals for their coverage (favorable selection) rather than the sick and elderly who are likely to have increased consumption of healthcare resources (adverse selection). It has been well studied that individuals who benefit from insurance coverage (not limited to healthcare) tend to over-utilize resources, compared to their use if they had to pay for all of the consumed resources themselves. Who hasnt had patients request unnecessary x-rays, assuring us that their insurance will pay for it? This concept of insurance induced demand is referred to as the Moral Hazard. 2 As we look for explanations for why the cost of healthcare continues to escalate; many have identified this moral hazard related to health insurance as a major contributor. .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 , .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .postImageUrl , .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 , .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1:hover , .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1:visited , .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1:active { border:0!important; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1:active , .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Soon after the Revolutionary War in America, a new EssayOver the past several decades we have witnessed innovative mechanisms for the transfer of financial risk to both patient and/or provider (physician and hospital) in order to constrain healthcare expenditures. Whereas indemnity insurance was formerly the prevalent means to fund healthcare expenses in this country, the increasing impact of co-payments and deductibles assumed by the consumer has limited resource demand. In addition, capitation which provides an upfront fixed payment to the provider, allowing them to manage the financial risk associated with subsequent expenditures for their patients gained popularity ove r the past decade. Many have questioned whether the behavior required of the provider in order to balance the revenues and expenses inherent in a capitation arrangement could be appropriately managed within the context of the overriding patient-physician relationship and might even violate the ethical principle of patient beneficence. One should be able to see that different provider (physician or hospital) behavior can be incentivized based on the payment methodology utilized. For example, if a hospital was paid a fixed amount of money for a hospitalization (e. g. DRG), it would be incentivized to limit both the length of stay and intensity of services for the patient. On the other hand, if the payment methodology was fee for service, the institution might attempt to increase both the length of stay and intensity of services. A per diem arrangement where the hospital receives a fixed daily payment would incentivize a longer length of stay but decreased intensity of services for the patient. Finally, c apitation would incentivize minimizing the opportunity for the utilization of costly services (e. g. hospitalizations). Supply and Demand Within any marketplace there are those willing to supply a good and other interested in acquiring the same good. One would expect the supplier to seek to extract a higher price for the transfer of a good to a demander who would be interested in minimizing their expenditure. The transfer of goods is consummated when two parties can agree on the appropriate transaction equilibrium price. Elasticity refers to how much the demand for a product (dependent variable) would be affected by a change in its price (independent variable). For example, the demand for the pain relief and care of a fractured leg would be inelastic, as the patient would highly value immediate care, regardless of the price. On the other hand, an individual (facing competing choices for their limited disposable income) might, for example, defer the purchase of needed medications for the silent hypertension if its price increased a relatively small amount (a highly elastic demand), instead of deciding to allocate their resources for an overdue vacation. The theory of agency refers to the scenario where one person with unique knowledge (e. . the physician agent) is given the authority to make decision by, and for the less informed principal (patient). There are few similarities outside of healthcare, to the common practice, for example, where a physician can order expensive tests and/or medications for the patient, based on asymmetric knowledge, while transferring the financial risk to the patient or third party payor (insurance company) for that decision (with the exception of a capitation arrangement). This creates the opportunity for supplier induced demand where the physicians is increasing the cost of care (e. . ordering more tests) with the ulterior motive presumably being to positively impact their own wellbeing (e. g. personal income). Costs There are many different types of costs that define a health care event. 3 Direct costs are those which can be accurately correlated with an event. For example, the direct cost of the reagents and technician time needed to perform a given test in the lab contrasts with the indirect costs (overhead) of the rent, heat, quality control and Pathology Directors salary in order to ultimately support the performance of the test. .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 , .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .postImageUrl , .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 , .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572:hover , .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572:visited , .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572:active { border:0!important; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572:active , .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Physical education in elementry grades EssayFixed costs are those that do not vary based on the volume of output or production. For example, the cost of the x-ray machine does not change whether one or thousands of films are obtained by its use. The variable cost of the leaded fill however does depend directly on how many files are obtained. For any given decision, there is the forgone alternate decision that might have been chosen by an individual. When one analyzes each of these decisions, the opportunity cost related to the value of the alternative not selected must be acknowledged. For example, if one chooses to allocate personal resources to a high fat diet instead of antihypertensive medication, one should factor in the opportunity cost of the good health which is given up (e. g. morbidity and mortality related to a subsequent cardiovascular event) into that decision when evaluating all costs. As the risk of ill health becomes more likely, and its opportunity cost increases, the rational decision-maker would pursuer a better diet and compliance with anti-hypertensive treatment. Unfortunately, opportunity costs are frequently ignored when less than ideal decision-making occurs. Although this review is not intended to be exhaustive, I hope that the reader ill be intrigued to learn more about the many of the principles described, so that they can better assume the leadership role many physicians have unfortunately abdicated to others as we as a society struggle to maximize the cumulative value (quality/cost) of healthcare. 1 Folland S. , Goodman A, Stano M. The Economics of Health and Health Care. Prentice Hall, New Jersey 1997. 2 Phelps C. Health Economics. Harper Collins, New York 1992. 3 Propp DA, Fixed vs. Variable Costs of Hospital Care JAMA August 18, 1999; Vol. 282 (7): 630.