Manufacturing alumina Free Essays

The creation of aluminum starts with the mining and beneficiation of bauxite. At the mine (as a rule of the surface sort), bauxite mineral is evacuated to a smasher. The squashed metal is then screened and amassed, prepared for conveyance to an alumina plant. We will compose a custom paper test on Assembling alumina or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now At the alumina plant, the bauxite mineral is additionally squashed or ground to the right molecule size for effective extraction of the alumina through assimilation by hot sodium hydroxide alcohol. After evacuation of â€Å"red mud† (the insoluble piece of the bauxite) and fine solids from the procedure alcohol, aluminum trihydrate precious stones are accelerated and calcined in revolving ovens or fluidized bed calciners to deliver alumina (Al2O3). (Bounicore Wayne 1992) Some alumina forms incorporate an alcohol refinement step. Essential aluminum is created by the electrolytic decrease of the alumina. The alumina is broken down in a liquid shower of fluoride intensifies (the electrolyte), and an electric flow is gone through the shower, making the alumina separate to shape fluid aluminum and oxygen. The oxygen responds with carbon in the terminal to deliver carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Liquid aluminum gathers in the base of the individual cells or pots and is evacuated under vacuum into tapping pots. . Contingent upon the ideal application, extra refining might be essential. For demagging (expulsion of magnesium from the dissolve), unsafe substances, for example, chlorine and hexachloroethane are frequently utilized, which may deliver dioxins and dibenzofurans. (Bounicore Wayne 1992) Mechanical types of aluminum incorporate industrially unadulterated metal and composites with different metals, for example, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, titanium and zinc. Aluminum compounds may contain as much as fifteen percent of the alloying metals. In powder structure, aluminum and its amalgams are burnable in air and present a potential blast danger. In sheet or square structures, aluminum won't regularly proliferate or support ignition. (Metals Alloys, 1976) Perils and Risks Entail in Processing At the bauxite creation offices, dust is produced to the climate from dryers and materials-taking care of hardware, through vehicular development, and from impacting. The residue isn't risky; it tends to be a disturbance if control frameworks are not set up, particularly on the dryers and taking care of gear. Other air discharges could incorporate nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and different results of burning from the bauxite dryers. (Paris Com, 1992) Mineral washing and beneficiation may yield process wastewaters containing suspended solids. Overflow from precipitation may likewise contain suspended solids. At the alumina plant, air emanations can incorporate bauxite dust from dealing with and preparing; limestone dust from limestone taking care of, consumed lime dust from transports and receptacles, alumina dust from materials taking care of, red mud residue and sodium salts from red mud stacks impoundments), burning pressurized canned products from cooling towers, and results of ignition, for example, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from boilers, calciners, versatile hardware, and ovens. The calciners may likewise produce alumina dust and the ovens, consumed lime dust. In spite of the fact that alumina plants don't typically release effluents, overwhelming rainfalls can bring about surface spillover that surpasses what plant can use in process. (Brady Humiston, 1982) Hydrogen Generating Reactions Aluminum is a responsive metal, and the best modern dangers related with aluminum are compound responses. Aluminum is a magnificent lessening operator, and ought to respond with water promptly to free hydrogen. Be that as it may, the defensive aluminum oxide covering shields it from response with dampness or oxygen. On the off chance that the defensive covering is broken, for instance, by scratching or by amalgamation (the way toward covering with a film of mercury wherein the metallic aluminum disintegrates; the aluminum oxide covering doesn't cling to the amalgamated surface), fast response with dampness as well as oxygen can happen. The essentialness of this response is needy upon the amount of aluminum accessible to respond. Aluminum is additionally oxidized by heat at a temperature subordinate rate. (Gaze, Beddow, Chen, Butler, 1982) Aluminum metal is amphoteric (shows both acidic and fundamental attributes). Subsequently, aluminum will respond with acids or bases; the two responses free hydrogen, a combustible gas. Be that as it may, aluminum doesn't respond with concentrated nitric corrosive in light of the fact that the oxidizing capability of the corrosive adds to the development of the defensive aluminum oxide covering. (Martin, 1976) Thermite Reactions Aluminum promptly removes oxygen from other metal oxides to frame aluminum oxide with the synchronous arrival of a lot of warmth (enough warmth to liquefy the results of the response). For instance, the response of aluminum with ferric oxide to deliver fluid aluminum oxide and fluid iron produces temperatures moving toward 3000 °C (5400 °F). This response, alluded to as the â€Å"thermite reaction,† has been utilized to weld huge masses of iron and steel; when encased in a metal chamber and touched off by a lace of magnesium has been utilized in flammable bombs; and, with ammonium perchlorate included as an oxidizer, has given the push to the space transport sponsor rockets. (May Berard, 1987) Residue Explosions A residue blast is an unpredictable wonder including synchronous force, vitality, and mass vehicle in a responsive multi-stage framework. Aluminum particles, when in residue, powder, or chip structures from activities, for example, fabricating powder, crushing, completing, and handling, might be suspended as a residue cloud in air and thus may light and cause genuine harm. On the off chance that the residue cloud is unconfined, the impact is just one of blaze fire. Assuming, in any case, the touched off residue cloud is at any rate incompletely kept, the warmth of ignition may bring about quickly expanding weight and produce blast impacts, for example, cracking of the keeping structure. Aluminum dust isn't in every case effectively ignitable, and, along these lines, the peril of residue blasts is frequently disregarded. Least touchy centralizations of aluminum dust have been accounted for upwards from around 40 grams for each cubic meter (0.04 ounces per cubic foot) of air. (May Berard, 1987) Consequences for Health Aluminum particles stored in the eye may cause neighborhood tissue pulverization. Aluminum salts may cause skin inflammation, conjunctivitis, dermatoses, and aggravation of the upper respiratory framework by means of hydrolysis-freed corrosive. Aluminum isn't for the most part viewed as a modern toxic substance, in spite of the fact that inward breath of finely isolated aluminum powder has been accounted for as a reason for pneumoconiosis. In most insightful cases, nonetheless, it was discovered that introduction was not exclusively to aluminum, however to a blend of aluminum, silica, iron tidies, and different materials. Aluminum in pressurized canned products has been referenced in considers including Alzheimer’s sickness. Most exposures to aluminum happen in purifying and refining forms. Since aluminum might be alloyed with different metals, each metal (e.g., copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese, nickel, chromium, lead, and so on.) may potentially introduce its own wellbeing dangers. (Buonicore Davis, 1992) Suggestion Aluminum dust is firmly fibrogenic. Metallic aluminum residue may cause nodular lung fibrosis, interstitial lung fibrosis, and emphysema as demonstrated in creature experimentation, and impacts give off an impression of being corresponded to molecule size of the dust30; be that as it may, when presentation to aluminum tidies have been concentrated in man, most exposures have been seen as to different synthetics just as aluminum. (Buonicore Davis, 1992) Wellbeing Measures: Prevention and Control The American Council of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) suggests the requirement for five separate Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for aluminum, contingent upon its structure (aluminum metal residue, aluminum pyro powders, aluminum welding vapor, aluminum solvent salts, and aluminum alkyls). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has likewise settled Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) for aluminum. (May Berard, 1987) Contamination counteraction is constantly wanted to the utilization of end-of-pipe contamination control offices. In this manner each endeavor ought to be made to join cleaner creation procedures and offices to restrain, at source, the amount of contaminations produced. In the bauxite mine, where beneficiation and metal washing are polished, tailings slurry of 7†9% solids is created for removal. The favored innovation is to focus these tailings and discard them in the mined-out zone. A grouping of 25â€30% can be accomplished through gravity settling in a tailings lake. The tailings can be additionally thought, utilizing a thickener, to 30â€50%, yielding a generously volume diminished slurry. The alumina plant releases red mud in slurry of 25â€30% solids, and this likewise presents a chance to lessen removal volumes. (May Berard, 1987) Today’s innovation, as high-effectiveness profound thickeners, and huge distance across regular thickeners, can create a mud of 50â€60% solids fixation. The lime utilized in the process structures insoluble solids that leave the plant alongside the red mud. Reusing the lime utilized as a separating help to processing to dislodge the new lime that is ordinarily included now can limit these lime-based solids. At long last, emanating volume from the alumina plant can be limited or wiped out by great structure and working works on: diminishing the water added to the procedure, isolating condensates and reusing to the procedure, and utilizing water simultaneously. (Gaze, Beddow, Chen, Butler, 1982) References Brady, James E. what's more, Humiston, Gerard E. (1982), General Chemistry: Principles and Structure, Third Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Bounicore, Anthony J., and Wayne T. Davis, eds. (1992), Air Pollut

Extra Credit Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Additional Credit Assignment - Essay Example Individuals in Orlando started to accept the media reports arbitrarily, albeit a large portion of them were not so much dependent on established truths, this exposition endeavors to look at the foundation and impacts of Casey Anthony preliminary corresponding to Orlando. The vanishing and passing of a young lady youngster Caylee Anthony got high media consideration and activated extensive legitimate discussion in USA. A while later, the preliminary of Casey Anthony (mother of Caylee) pulled in noteworthy inclusion in social, national, and worldwide media. On eighteenth July, 2008, Cindy Anthony (grandma of Caylee) announced that her granddaughter had disappeared. Just about five months after the fact, Caylee’s skeleton was found in a wilderness zone in closeness to the family home. In this manner, Casey Anthony was charged of having killed her little girl and a thorough preliminary started. The arraignment charged Casey of first degree murder and looked for capital punishment for her (Fuhrman, 3). Be that as it may, the jury didn't see Casey as liable for kid misuse and murder. Yet, it was held that she had given deluding data to the police in association with the case. Subsequently, she was given a decision of four years in jail and an all ou t fine of $4000 was charged. At last, she was discharged on seventeenth July, 2011 because of good conduct and the credit for the time previously served. The instance of Casey effectsly affected the global and national media and general supposition. Along these lines, in Orlando region as well, the preliminary had an impact that could be profoundly felt. Could a mother murder her more than two years of age kid? How might one homicide a kid in such a merciless way? How is the general public everywhere liable for what was the deal? The inquiries that lingered noticeable all around were uncomfortable to reply. Citing from Fuhrman (2), the advancements can be clarified in the accompanying manner: â€Å"This is the narrative of how the media make interchange real factors that serve their mission for evaluations, while the criminal examination that may tackle the case is everything except crashed. The

How Common Is Female Sexual Harassment

How Common Is Female Sexual Harassment Stress Management Job Stress Workplace Bullying Print How Common Is Female Sexual Harassment? By Sherri Gordon facebook twitter Sherri Gordon is a published author and a bullying prevention expert. Learn about our editorial policy Sherri Gordon Updated on September 18, 2019 Hinterhaus Productions/Getty Images More in Stress Management Job Stress Workplace Bullying Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress When former  Thinx CEO Miki Agrawal came up with the concept of “period proof underwear,” the company was applauded for its commitment to empowering women and de-stigmatizing menstruation. So when Agrawal, a self-described feminist who claimed she created an open and safe working environment, was accused of sexually harassing her predominately female staff, people were shocked. Here was a company touted as a trailblazing feminist organization with a former CEO accused of female-to-female sexual harassment. How could that be? What Is Same-Sex Sexual Harassment? When most people think about sexual harassment in the workplace, they envision a man harassing a woman. But there are cases where women harass women, men harass men, and women harass men. In fact, the law  prohibits sexual harassment by either men or women against people of the same and opposite gender.?? Sexual harassment falls under Title VII, which is a law against sexual discrimination in the workplace. It occurs when someone engages in unwelcome sexual conduct in the workplace that affects you, your job, the work environment, as well as others in the workplace.Under the law, there are two types of sexual harassment claims:Quid pro quo claimsHostile environment claims With quid pro quo claims, a supervisor or someone with authority over an employee requests or implies an unwelcome sexual demand in exchange for something on the job, such as getting a promotion or not being fired. Meanwhile, a hostile environment occurs when the environment at work becomes intimidating or offensive because of sexual actions and comments. Examples might include sexual jokes and comments, sexual bullying, lewd remarks,  demeaning pictures, and unwanted sexting.   In the Thinx case, Agrawal allegedly had  an obsession with one employee’s breasts, touching them without permission and asking her to expose them.?? She was also accused of holding routine video conference meetings while naked in bed and frequently changing clothes in front of employees.   What’s more, there are reports that she conducted  at least one FaceTime meeting while sitting on a toilet and regularly discussed her sexual exploits, including polyamory. Other reports indicate she  expressed an interest in having a sexual relationship with at least one of her female employees.?? Why Dont People Report Same-Sex Sexual Harassment? Most researchers suggest that the actual number of people who have experienced same-sex sexual harassment is likely higher than what is currently being reported.?? In fact, it is extremely difficult to measure how frequently it occurs in the workplace because people often never file a complaint.   Aside from the fact that it is difficult to report and prove, victims of sexual harassment often worry that they are somehow to blame for the unwelcome sexual advances.?? Whats more, they worry about what others will think of them if they do file a report, especially when the harasser is the same gender. They are often riddled with embarrassment and shame over what is happening to them. Another reason for failing to report sexual harassment includes fear of retaliation. Research has found that sexual harassment is often ignored or trivialized by management within organizations.?? Additionally, when victims do say something about the treatment or ask that it stop, they are often met with hostility and accusations. Experts expect to see a rise in the number of same-sex sexual harassment complaints as employees become more empowered. In general, people are more willing to  stand up to others  and point out that their civil rights have been violated. Why Do People Sexually Harass Others? Too often, when someone is sexually harassed at work, people start to question the role the victim played in the abuse. But psychologists caution against this victim-blaming  viewpoint.?? Most would argue that regardless of the perpetrators gender and sexual orientation, sexual harassment is driven by anger and insecurity as much as it is by attraction.   In fact, most people who sexually harass others, regardless of whether they are men or women, are looking to control and dominate others.  The harasser feels more in control when  she has power over someone else. Whats more, some harassers are looking to embarrass and humiliate their targets rather than sexually stimulate or flirt with them. Sexual harassment is more about using a position of power to control and hurt someone else. Meanwhile, others say that in the workplace sexual harassment is a form of manipulation.?? Its a way to inadvertently devalue someones work by calling attention to their sexuality instead. How Often It  Occurs According to a 2015 survey, one out of three women between the ages of 18 and 34  experiences sexual harassment at work. Of those women, 81 percent of them have experienced verbal harassment, 44 percent have received sexual advances and unwanted touching, and 25 percent have dealt with lewd texts or emails. Meanwhile, 75 percent of women were harassed by male coworkers and 10 percent by female coworkers.   Yet, very few women are reporting the abuse. In fact, 71 percent of women say that they never reported the sexual harassment they endured at work. And of the 29 percent who did report the harassment, only 15 percent felt it was handled properly.   For those who work to educate others about sexual harassment prevention, these figures are particularly  disappointingâ€"especially considering that the Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that 70 percent of employers provide sexual harassment training and 98 percent of companies have sexual harassment policies.??   If you have been a victim of sexual harassment at work, let someone in management or human resources know what you are experiencing. And if they do not take you seriously, contact the EEOC or an attorney for suggestions on what to do next.

Working With Groups Of Domestic Violence Essay - 803 Words

This journal article will discuss group work in the beginning phase and will discuss working with groups of domestic violence with adults, teenagers and dating violence, and children and domestic violence groups. The case examples will discuss the tasks and skills necessary in the beginning phase such as establishing a contract, cultivating group cohesion, and shaping norms of participation. In addition, the required knowledge will be discussed for the beginning phase which include, understanding the interactions, relevant theories and evidence-based practices, and understanding the group types to name a few examples. Furthermore, this journal entry will discuss what the outcomes of the groups would be and how they may help the individuals in the treatment groups which include adults, teenagers, and children. 3.3 Journal Group Work in the Beginning Phase Example 1: Domestic Violence Group with Adults Demonstrate Critical Tasks and Skills. The critical tasks and skills required for working with a domestic violence group with adults, include establishing a contract, cultivating group cohesion, and shaping norms and participation of the group members and the group as a whole. When establishing a contract for the group it would be necessary for the group and the social worker to identify the tasks that need to be accomplished, the goals that want to be accomplished which include group goals and individual goals for the members, and process for achieving the goals andShow MoreRelatedInterpersonal Violence And Promoting Gender Justice829 Words   |  4 Pagesa New York City nonprofit organization dedicated to preventing interpersonal violence and promoting gender justice. It was founded in 1993 in NYC, and operates at a local level. CONNECT is a leading, non-profit training, educational and advocacy organization dedicated to the prevention and elimination of interpersonal violence. CONNECT’s multi-level approaches deal with both the systemic and individual roots of violence. In order to align with CONNECT’S mission, a major goal includes transformingRead MoreAn Informational Interview: Sarah Buel1041 Words   |  4 Pagesof work involving domestic violence, though I am still uncertain of the nature of that work. As a result, I decide to interview Sarah Buel. Sarah Buel is a noted attorney in the field of domestic violence. Currently a Clinical Professor and Founding Director of the Diane Halle Center for Family Justice at the Sandra Day OConnor College of Law at Arizona State University, Buel was one of the names that came up most frequently as I was looking into the field of domestic violence (Sandra Day OConnorRead MoreDomestic Violence Awareness1353 Words   |  5 PagesDomestic Violence Awareness Each month 1 to 3 women will experience domestic violence or also known as intimate partner violence. 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This is why these improvements to Dove, Inc. will be more efficient in reaching all groups of intimate partner violence victims. Bowers et al. (2016) state that â€Å"domestic violence crosses all ra cial, culturalRead MoreSpecific Concern:. Women Who Have Experienced The Trauma1080 Words   |  5 Pagesthe trauma of domestic violence and have disorders such as PTSD, general anxiety disorder, battered women syndrome (BWS), depressive disorders, and dissociation. Name of Program Transformation Healing Empowerment Sailing Program (THESP) Mission and Vision TESP is a program developed for healing, transformation and empowering women of domestic violence (DV). This program is designed for those who have been stuck in the pattern of domestic abuse violence of all forms. Forms of domestic abuse include

Taking a Look at Lewis Carroll - 1960 Words

Lewis Carroll was born on January 27, 1832, as Charles Lutwidge Dodgson to a family of workers in the army and Church (and a whole family full of Charles’). His great-grandfather, also Charles Dodgson, had been a bishop. His grandfather, another Charles Dodgson, had been an army captain and ended up being killed in battle, leaving two children behind. The elder son, Charles, went to Westminster and then Oxford. This Charles married his cousin in 1827 and became a country parson. Out of this marriage came yet another Charles. Our Charles, who came to use the penname of Lewis Carroll (and, gee, I wonder why). He was the third of eleven children who, remarkably, all lived to adulthood. The first years of his education were spent at home and consisted of reading materials and progressing at his own rate. By the age of seven, he was reading The Pilgrim’s Progress. It’s been said that he was originally left-handed but was forced to adapt to use his right hand, which wa s not an uncommon practice at the time. There is no evidence of such a thing happening, though, nor of the trauma it supposedly caused a young Carroll (VictorianWeb). He began attending Oxford in 1851. After attending the school for two days, however, he was called home due to his mother’s death. Young Charles didn’t let her death distract too much from his path at Oxford. He did not always give his best or work his hardest in his academic career, but he was an exceptionally gifted student and achievement cameShow MoreRelated The Mathematical Aspects of Lewis Carrolls Alice in Wonderland1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe Mathematical Aspects of Lewis Carrolls Alice in Wonderland The story Alice in Wonderland was written about a little girl named Alice who was a child of the dean of the Church of Christ. 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The Impact Of Literature On Literature And The Social View...

Literature possess the capability to vastly influence the world, and those who find a way to impact literature drive the powerful influence. Few people in the history of literature publicized as many thoughts and critical views as T.S. Eliot, and by disseminating his opinions throughout the literature world, Eliot found a way to communicate new perspectives and tastes in literature (Worthen). Born in the fall of 1888, T.S. Eliot grew up to become one of the most influential poets of all time, as he found a unique way of communicating through literature. Sometimes referred to as the â€Å"keeper of the language† or the â€Å"model poet of our time† Eliot presented powerful criticisms of society, while brilliantly presenting his ideas through essays†¦show more content†¦Containing stories, news, and opinions of both T.S. Eliot and others who wrote about him, The Letters of T.S. Eliot offer an inside perspective on Eliot’s life.. In Volume 1 of the revised edition of the letters Patrick Query describes how T.S. Eliot felt so much passion for culture and how it must improve (Letters, Volume 1). In the volume, the writer states that Eliot started a movement to modernize literature all on his own. Eliot contained such a strong passion for making the world a better place, that as society generally acted apathetic towards life, Eliot strived for a culture where people actually inserted energy and passion into life. Also, in John Worthen’s biography of T.S. Eliot, the author believes Eliot focused the entire masterpiece of Four Quartets on illustrating to his audience despite painful times in life, people must focus more on the beauty of life (Worthen). Devoting much of his literature career to impacting society, Eliot often focused on changing the lack of enthusiasm culture contained. Besides driving culture forward in passion for life, Eliot lived at the forefront of contemporary literature. Before the 20th century, literature foll owed many traditions and guidelines throughout its poems, essays, novels, and plays, but T.S. Eliot played a significant role in bringing about literary modernism. One of Eliot’s great works, Four QuartetsShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Literature On Literature And The Social View Of Poetry1724 Words   |  7 Pages Literature possesses the capability to vastly influence the world, and those who find a way to impact literature drive the powerful influence. Few people in the history of literature publicized as many thoughts and critical views as T.S. Eliot, and by disseminating his opinions throughout the literature world, Eliot found a way to communicate new perspectives and tastes in literature (Worthen). Born in the fall of 1888, T.S. Eliot grew up to become one of the most influential poets of all time,Read MoreLangston Hughes : Black Poets Impact On African American Literature857 Words   |  4 Pages Texas Southern University Black Poets Impact In African American Literature Michael Winston English 132-11 Prof. Dr. Harmon 11-20-2017 African American literature is literature written from African descents that focused on the early time to recent time movements. Early as the 1700’s and late as the 1900’s where African American literature was in progress. Poetry was a substantial part of African American literature, because black poets talked about culture, racism, slavery, andRead MoreGeoffrey Chaucer s Impact On Literature1231 Words   |  5 PagesGeoffrey Chaucer’s Impact on Literature: English poet Geoffrey Chaucer is acclaimed to be one of the best and most influential poets in history. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote several famous literary works in what is called middle English. Geoffrey Chaucer was born in 1340 in London, England. Over the course of Chaucer’s life, he entered and exited several different social classes. He began to write his most known pieces when he became a public servant to Countess Elizabeth of Ulster in 1357. He diedRead MoreSuperb Motivation. Literature Possesses The Capability1749 Words   |  7 PagesSuperb Motivation Literature possesses the capability to vastly influence the world, and those who find a way to impact literature drive this powerful influence. Few people in the history of literature publicized as many thoughts and critical views as T.S. Eliot, and by disseminating his opinions throughout the literature world, Eliot found a way to communicate new perspectives and tastes in literature (Worthen). Born in the fall of 1888, T.S. Eliot grew up to become one of the most influentialRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray- One Of My Favourite Novels- Wilde1338 Words   |  6 PagesI find the way in which literature can both present and challenge the context and culture which it was written in fascinating. This is especially apparent both within the texts I have been studying for A-level Literature and my own personal further reading. Especially, texts which challenge the social norms of their time are particularly fascinating to me. In The Picture of Dorian Gray- one of my favourite novels- W ilde demonstrates the contrast between the supposed high morality in Victorian societyRead MoreThe Man Within The Shadows1414 Words   |  6 Pageseighteenth and nineteenth centuries was a time that manifested the act of slavery and segregation. In these centuries, the African American Literature was born and based its focus on themes of interest of a select group of people who were known as Negroes, along with oral poetry, gospel music, blues and rap (â€Å"African America literature† 1). African American Literature began with slavery and colonization, however, was not originated until the attention of the Caucasian audience was pronounced with theRead MoreInfluences of the Romantic Period1575 Words   |  7 Pagescontrasted the then prevalent classical forms of literature such as the French Neoclassical Tragedy. But this new emotional literary expression would be a key part of literature during the Romantic Era (Britannica). Literature during the Romantic Era was influenc ed by politics and major historical events and social reforms, religion, science, economics, and art and music. Literature of the Romantic Era was heavily influenced by the politics, major events and social reforms of the time, the most notable beingRead MoreThe Feminist: Aphra Behn Essay786 Words   |  4 PagesIn the 17th century a writer named Aphra Behn emerged as leader in English literature. With a shaky beginning, Behn persevered to become the first female professional writer. With her feminist opinions, she revolutionized writing and her impacts in the 17th century would change modern day writing. Behn was a clever writer who wrote lively, vibrant plays and poetry. Behn impacted the world, not only with her writing, but also with her determination and voice about her feminist opinions. Behn showedRead MoreCritical Analysis of Romanticism1387 Words   |  6 PagesThis literature review will critically analyse a range of arguments and perspectives by literary critics and historians and their views will be pertinent to the study of Romanticism . Due to the scale of research i n Romantic literature as a discipline, the main focus in this paper will concentrate primarily on two major paradigms in Romantic literature. These two aspects are referred to as Romantic nature and Romantic sublime. The paper will be organised and divided into twoRead MoreT.S. Eliots Writing Style and Use of Symbolism790 Words   |  4 Pagesrisk going too far can possibly find out how far one can go,† T.S. Eliot is basically trying to say that only people who push their limit can actually see how much they can really accomplish. T.S. Eliot made poetry that showed his negative views on life, people, and world. T.S. Eliot took poetry to another level by the way he writes and uses symbolism. Thomas Stearns was born on September 26, 1888. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri. His father was Henry ware Eliot who was the president of the Hydraulic-press The Impact Of Literature On Literature And The Social View... Literature possesses the capability to vastly influence the world, and those who find a way to impact literature drive the powerful influence. Few people in the history of literature publicized as many thoughts and critical views as T.S. Eliot, and by disseminating his opinions throughout the literature world, Eliot found a way to communicate new perspectives and tastes in literature (Worthen). Born in the fall of 1888, T.S. Eliot grew up to become one of the most influential poets of all time, as he found a unique way of communicating through literature. Sometimes referred to as the â€Å"keeper of the language† or the â€Å"model poet of our time† Eliot presented powerful criticisms of society, while brilliantly presenting his ideas through†¦show more content†¦Beyond the poetry he wrote, Eliot drove the world to modernist views through essays and other means of literature. Containing stories, news, and opinions of both T.S. Eliot and others who wrote about h im, The Letters of T.S. Eliot offer an inside perspective on Eliot’s life (Eliot and Haffenden). In Volume 1 of the revised edition of the letters Patrick Query describes how T.S. Eliot felt so much passion for culture and how it must improve (Letters, Volume 1). In the volume, the writer states Eliot started a movement to modernize literature all on his own. Eliot contained such a strong passion for making the world a better place, that as society generally acted apathetically towards life, Eliot strived for a culture where people actually inserted energy and passion into life (Poetry Foundation). Also, in John Worthen’s biography of T.S. Eliot, the author believes Eliot focused the entire masterpiece of Four Quartets on illustrating to his audience despite painful times in life, people must focus more on the beauty of life (Worthen). After addressing the aspects of society he believed needed to improve, Eliot wrote several poems on each topic which showed the beauty of his opinion and a more joyful culture. The Waste Land helps describe how to improve the war stricken world, and other poems such as Four Quartets and The Sacred Wood deal with other cultural characteristics Eliot strived to improve. Devoting much of his literature career to impactingShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Literature On Literature And The Social View Of Poetry1391 Words   |  6 Pages Literature possess the capability to vastly influence the world, and those who find a way to impact literature drive the powerful influence. Few people in the history of literature publicized as many thoughts and critical views as T.S. Eliot, and by disseminating his opinions throughout the literature world, Eliot found a way to communicate new perspectives and tastes in literature (Worthen). Born in the fall of 1888, T.S. Eliot grew up to become one of the most influential poets of all time, asRead MoreLangston Hughes : Black Poets Impact On African American Literature857 Words   |  4 Pages Texas Southern University Black Poets Impact In African American Literature Michael Winston English 132-11 Prof. Dr. Harmon 11-20-2017 African American literature is literature written from African descents that focused on the early time to recent time movements. Early as the 1700’s and late as the 1900’s where African American literature was in progress. Poetry was a substantial part of African American literature, because black poets talked about culture, racism, slavery, andRead MoreGeoffrey Chaucer s Impact On Literature1231 Words   |  5 PagesGeoffrey Chaucer’s Impact on Literature: English poet Geoffrey Chaucer is acclaimed to be one of the best and most influential poets in history. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote several famous literary works in what is called middle English. Geoffrey Chaucer was born in 1340 in London, England. Over the course of Chaucer’s life, he entered and exited several different social classes. He began to write his most known pieces when he became a public servant to Countess Elizabeth of Ulster in 1357. He diedRead MoreSuperb Motivation. Literature Possesses The Capability1749 Words   |  7 PagesSuperb Motivation Literature possesses the capability to vastly influence the world, and those who find a way to impact literature drive this powerful influence. Few people in the history of literature publicized as many thoughts and critical views as T.S. Eliot, and by disseminating his opinions throughout the literature world, Eliot found a way to communicate new perspectives and tastes in literature (Worthen). Born in the fall of 1888, T.S. Eliot grew up to become one of the most influentialRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray- One Of My Favourite Novels- Wilde1338 Words   |  6 PagesI find the way in which literature can both present and challenge the context and culture which it was written in fascinating. This is especially apparent both within the texts I have been studying for A-level Literature and my own personal further reading. Especially, texts which challenge the social norms of their time are particularly fascinating to me. In The Picture of Dorian Gray- one of my favourite novels- W ilde demonstrates the contrast between the supposed high morality in Victorian societyRead MoreThe Man Within The Shadows1414 Words   |  6 Pageseighteenth and nineteenth centuries was a time that manifested the act of slavery and segregation. In these centuries, the African American Literature was born and based its focus on themes of interest of a select group of people who were known as Negroes, along with oral poetry, gospel music, blues and rap (â€Å"African America literature† 1). African American Literature began with slavery and colonization, however, was not originated until the attention of the Caucasian audience was pronounced with theRead MoreInfluences of the Romantic Period1575 Words   |  7 Pagescontrasted the then prevalent classical forms of literature such as the French Neoclassical Tragedy. But this new emotional literary expression would be a key part of literature during the Romantic Era (Britannica). Literature during the Romantic Era was influenc ed by politics and major historical events and social reforms, religion, science, economics, and art and music. Literature of the Romantic Era was heavily influenced by the politics, major events and social reforms of the time, the most notable beingRead MoreThe Feminist: Aphra Behn Essay786 Words   |  4 PagesIn the 17th century a writer named Aphra Behn emerged as leader in English literature. With a shaky beginning, Behn persevered to become the first female professional writer. With her feminist opinions, she revolutionized writing and her impacts in the 17th century would change modern day writing. Behn was a clever writer who wrote lively, vibrant plays and poetry. Behn impacted the world, not only with her writing, but also with her determination and voice about her feminist opinions. Behn showedRead MoreCritical Analysis of Romanticism1387 Words   |  6 PagesThis literature review will critically analyse a range of arguments and perspectives by literary critics and historians and their views will be pertinent to the study of Romanticism . Due to the scale of research i n Romantic literature as a discipline, the main focus in this paper will concentrate primarily on two major paradigms in Romantic literature. These two aspects are referred to as Romantic nature and Romantic sublime. The paper will be organised and divided into twoRead MoreT.S. Eliots Writing Style and Use of Symbolism790 Words   |  4 Pagesrisk going too far can possibly find out how far one can go,† T.S. Eliot is basically trying to say that only people who push their limit can actually see how much they can really accomplish. T.S. Eliot made poetry that showed his negative views on life, people, and world. T.S. Eliot took poetry to another level by the way he writes and uses symbolism. Thomas Stearns was born on September 26, 1888. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri. His father was Henry ware Eliot who was the president of the Hydraulic-press

Macroeconomics Healthcare Essay Example For Students

Macroeconomics Healthcare Essay Macroeconomics of Healthcare Douglas A. Propp, MD, MS, FACEP, CPE Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine Advocate-Lutheran General Hospital Clinical Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine University of Chicago As Emergency Physicians, we are frequently peripherally exposed to healthcare economic statistics, policies, and debates with little concern for mastering these concepts, feeling that they have little to do with our practice of Emergency Medicine. Although a working knowledge of microeconomics will not aid in arriving at the diagnosis for the elderly patient with mental status changes who we are evaluation at 3 A. M. , an understanding of these principles will enhance our roles in positively contributing to the healthcare debate, given our overall limited societal resources. Although not intended to be comprehensive, I will introduce several relevant concepts to hopefully whet your appetite in case you want to pursue them further. Economics Economics is the study of how resources are allocated with the marketplace. 1 I make the analogy between the disciplines of Physics and Economics. Whereas Physics are the laws which explain the observed behavior of matter, Economics are the rules which explain the behavior of people who pursue (and compete with others for) the limited resources (goods, currency, health, etc. ) within a society. The interest in healthcare economics has blossomed over the past several decades as spending on healthcare has continued to escalate, now representing well over $1 trillion (with approximately 40% going to hospitals and 20% going to doctors), and occupying over 16% of the nations Gross Domestic Product (cumulative value of domestic goods and services produced). Many of the healthcare economic principles focus on how people make decisions related to expenditures for the health given competing alternative (e. g. , food, clothing, housing, hobbies, travel, education, etc. ) Insurance Insurance allows typically risk-averse individuals to face uncertainty and spread their potential financial risk across a large number of people, thus limiting the maximal exposure for any one individual. By capitalizing on the law of large numbers, an individual, for example, would not have to pay the total cost of replacing an automobile destroyed in a collision or an expensive hospitalization due to unanticipated but inevitable illness or injury. Unlike other countries, and certainly since the introduction of the Medicare and Medicaid programs in the 1960s, American have relied on health insurance to fun their consumption of healthcare resources. Insurance companies, who indemnify the cumulative financial risk of the covered group, utilize various methodologies to determine a fair price for their product. Their risk is related to arriving at a fair up front premium prior to them realizing the subsequent costs during the coverage period. Experience rating (based on knowledge of prior claims of the covered group) differs from community rating where the insurance company prices their product to cover all subscribers in a given location, irrespective of age or health experience. For a comparably priced product, one could expect insurance companies to pursue healthier individuals for their coverage (favorable selection) rather than the sick and elderly who are likely to have increased consumption of healthcare resources (adverse selection). It has been well studied that individuals who benefit from insurance coverage (not limited to healthcare) tend to over-utilize resources, compared to their use if they had to pay for all of the consumed resources themselves. Who hasnt had patients request unnecessary x-rays, assuring us that their insurance will pay for it? This concept of insurance induced demand is referred to as the Moral Hazard. 2 As we look for explanations for why the cost of healthcare continues to escalate; many have identified this moral hazard related to health insurance as a major contributor. .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 , .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .postImageUrl , .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 , .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1:hover , .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1:visited , .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1:active { border:0!important; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1:active , .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Soon after the Revolutionary War in America, a new EssayOver the past several decades we have witnessed innovative mechanisms for the transfer of financial risk to both patient and/or provider (physician and hospital) in order to constrain healthcare expenditures. Whereas indemnity insurance was formerly the prevalent means to fund healthcare expenses in this country, the increasing impact of co-payments and deductibles assumed by the consumer has limited resource demand. In addition, capitation which provides an upfront fixed payment to the provider, allowing them to manage the financial risk associated with subsequent expenditures for their patients gained popularity ove r the past decade. Many have questioned whether the behavior required of the provider in order to balance the revenues and expenses inherent in a capitation arrangement could be appropriately managed within the context of the overriding patient-physician relationship and might even violate the ethical principle of patient beneficence. One should be able to see that different provider (physician or hospital) behavior can be incentivized based on the payment methodology utilized. For example, if a hospital was paid a fixed amount of money for a hospitalization (e. g. DRG), it would be incentivized to limit both the length of stay and intensity of services for the patient. On the other hand, if the payment methodology was fee for service, the institution might attempt to increase both the length of stay and intensity of services. A per diem arrangement where the hospital receives a fixed daily payment would incentivize a longer length of stay but decreased intensity of services for the patient. Finally, c apitation would incentivize minimizing the opportunity for the utilization of costly services (e. g. hospitalizations). Supply and Demand Within any marketplace there are those willing to supply a good and other interested in acquiring the same good. One would expect the supplier to seek to extract a higher price for the transfer of a good to a demander who would be interested in minimizing their expenditure. The transfer of goods is consummated when two parties can agree on the appropriate transaction equilibrium price. Elasticity refers to how much the demand for a product (dependent variable) would be affected by a change in its price (independent variable). For example, the demand for the pain relief and care of a fractured leg would be inelastic, as the patient would highly value immediate care, regardless of the price. On the other hand, an individual (facing competing choices for their limited disposable income) might, for example, defer the purchase of needed medications for the silent hypertension if its price increased a relatively small amount (a highly elastic demand), instead of deciding to allocate their resources for an overdue vacation. The theory of agency refers to the scenario where one person with unique knowledge (e. . the physician agent) is given the authority to make decision by, and for the less informed principal (patient). There are few similarities outside of healthcare, to the common practice, for example, where a physician can order expensive tests and/or medications for the patient, based on asymmetric knowledge, while transferring the financial risk to the patient or third party payor (insurance company) for that decision (with the exception of a capitation arrangement). This creates the opportunity for supplier induced demand where the physicians is increasing the cost of care (e. . ordering more tests) with the ulterior motive presumably being to positively impact their own wellbeing (e. g. personal income). Costs There are many different types of costs that define a health care event. 3 Direct costs are those which can be accurately correlated with an event. For example, the direct cost of the reagents and technician time needed to perform a given test in the lab contrasts with the indirect costs (overhead) of the rent, heat, quality control and Pathology Directors salary in order to ultimately support the performance of the test. .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 , .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .postImageUrl , .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 , .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572:hover , .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572:visited , .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572:active { border:0!important; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572:active , .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Physical education in elementry grades EssayFixed costs are those that do not vary based on the volume of output or production. For example, the cost of the x-ray machine does not change whether one or thousands of films are obtained by its use. The variable cost of the leaded fill however does depend directly on how many files are obtained. For any given decision, there is the forgone alternate decision that might have been chosen by an individual. When one analyzes each of these decisions, the opportunity cost related to the value of the alternative not selected must be acknowledged. For example, if one chooses to allocate personal resources to a high fat diet instead of antihypertensive medication, one should factor in the opportunity cost of the good health which is given up (e. g. morbidity and mortality related to a subsequent cardiovascular event) into that decision when evaluating all costs. As the risk of ill health becomes more likely, and its opportunity cost increases, the rational decision-maker would pursuer a better diet and compliance with anti-hypertensive treatment. Unfortunately, opportunity costs are frequently ignored when less than ideal decision-making occurs. Although this review is not intended to be exhaustive, I hope that the reader ill be intrigued to learn more about the many of the principles described, so that they can better assume the leadership role many physicians have unfortunately abdicated to others as we as a society struggle to maximize the cumulative value (quality/cost) of healthcare. 1 Folland S. , Goodman A, Stano M. The Economics of Health and Health Care. Prentice Hall, New Jersey 1997. 2 Phelps C. Health Economics. Harper Collins, New York 1992. 3 Propp DA, Fixed vs. Variable Costs of Hospital Care JAMA August 18, 1999; Vol. 282 (7): 630.

People Communication free essay sample

One of the main reasons that people communicate is to understand each other. Without the ability to communicate nobody would understand what is expected of them and we wouldn’t know the needs of others. People also communicate to share their wants, needs and feelings. In order for us to adequately care for someone we need to know and understand what they expect from us and how they feel about different situations. Without communication we wouldn’t be able to have a conversation therefore wouldn’t know anybody’s likes or dislikes. We communicate to give and receive support and to express our thoughts, ideas and information. By doing all of this we also make and develop relationships through communicating. Aii) a) Effective communication can affect relationships in a positive way. It helps to ensure that the needs of each individual are met. When sharing information it helps to avoid misunderstandings, which will create a stronger relationship between colleagues and other professionals. We will write a custom essay sample on People Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It will also help to built trust and respect. ) Effective communication can also affect relationships between individuals using the service and their carers. If the individual understands what the carer is doing is will help create a calmer and positive atmosphere which will eventually help to build a strong relationship between the carer and the individual. It will also help the carer to understand the needs and feelings of the individual. Aiii) There are many ways to find out the communication and language needs of an individual. One way is to talk to the individual/observe the individual. Although if the individual is fully comprehendible this is a good method – if the individual is not able to speak, understand you or is confused the information you would receive could be wrong. Although I would immediately know if the individual is visually or hearing impaired. Another way is to talk to the family. This is a good way of finding out how they communicate with the individual, which will establish a familiarity for the individual. However this may not be the method of communication that the individual prefers. Another method would be to look in their care plan. This method is usually reliable and will have all the individuals past information in too, however it may not have been updated in awhile or may have been documented incorrectly due to human error and therefore will become ineffective. Aiv) When promoting effective communication you have to take into consideration a number of things. One of these is whether the individual understands you. Usually the individual will express either verbally or by facial expressions whether they understand you or not. Another factor to consider is the best method of communication with that particular individual. Obviously every one id different and will prefer to communicate in certain ways. For example, if you have an individual who is hard of hearing you could use a white board or sign language. Another factor to consider would be whether there were any language barriers. Av) There are many different methods and styles of communication that a social care worker may use. This may be verbal such as; Using a telephone – in this method only verbal communication is used as there is no body language to provide extra support. The only factors to consider with verbal communication is the tone and pitch that is used; Face to face – this verbal method is also supported by body language and facial expressions; Paraphrasing – where the social care worker will repeat what the individual has said to them to ensure they have heard correctly. To do this the care worker may re-word what the individual has said using more understandable vocabulary; Clarification – where the social care worker will sum up the conversation to ensure they have understood and Open questions – this method required more than a yes or no answer. There are also non-verbal methods such as; Sign language or lip reading – this is very effective with individuals who are hard of hearing; E-Mail – this method is good when communicating with other professionals, members of staff or the individual’s family; Pen and paper/ whiteboard – this method would be good for individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing who don’t understand sign language. Using gestures is also another good behavioural method of communicating and can be used with either verbal communication or non-verbal. Avi) It is important to respond to an individual’s reaction when communication as you can ensure that they have understood you. This will help to develop a stronger relationship and will allow the individual to feel heard and accepted. Avii) An individual’s background will influence their communication methods greatly. For example, if an individual hasn’t been listened to in the past or has been ignored then they won’t feel that they will be listened to now. It also depends how they communicated in their hometown. For example, if they’re from somewhere where everyone spoke fast they will have difficulty having a conversation with someone who spoke slowly. However they would continue to talk fast irrespective of the community they now live in. Depending on where in the UK they’re from will also depend on what accent they have – this can lead to a possible communication barrier as many people find it difficult to understand people with strong accents. If they are from another country then they will have another language that they speak and may find it difficult to learn a new language or to understand what is being communicated to them. Therefore they may use a translator or if they are able to write in their new language they would use a non-verbal communication method. Aviii) There are many different communication barriers. One being language differences. To overcome this you may get in an interpreter or allow the individual to have language lessons to help them understand. You could also use makaton or sign language if the individual was able to understand that method or use body language and gestures to help. Another communication barrier could be a physical barrier. To overcome this you would need to identify the preferred method of communication – this could be body language, gestures, eye contact, physical touch, facial expressions, spoken language, makaton or sign language, writing, drawing or pictures. Another barrier could be cultural differences. To overcome this you could have to check each individuals record to ensure you are aware of which culture they are from. You could also speak to a family member, friends or someone else who is form the same culture to learn and understand a bit more about it or use the internet to look it up. Aix) A strategy that you could use to clarify misunderstandings that you may have would be to ask verbally if the individual understood what you were communicating to them and then repeat yourself if they haven’t fully understood. You could also get another carer/person to explain it to them or try a different method of communication such as writing/ drawing/ makaton etc. Ax) To enable a more effective communication with individuals you could use their preferred spoken language or use signs, symbols, objects or write it down for them. You would use the appropriate communication style to ensure you are communicating in a way which is sensitive to the in individuals needs, concerns and reactions. You could also ensure you allow the individual nough time to process and understand what is being communicated to them and ensure they have the correct communication aids that they needs for example hearing aids. If needed they could access extra support for example, interpreters or translators, signers or special equipment or aids to help the, understand. Task B Case Study Bi) Confidentiality means not sharing any information with anyone about someone else without their knowledge or agreement unless they are putting th emselves or someone else at risk. I would explain to Hannah that although she is an individual and has a right to choose whether or not she takes the tablet, she is putting her health at risk and therefore I would have to share the information with my manager to ensure that she stays healthy and safe. I would also tell Hannah that I won’t be sharing the information with her daughter unless she agreed to it. Bii) As Hannah is putting herself at risk a number of different people would need to be notified. These would include all the care staff and the senior carer, the manager and possibly her Nurse/ Doctor as they would be able to ensure her safety and help her to understand the benefits of taking her tablet. Although Hannah would be upset that I shared the information with other health care professionals, if her Daughter found out the strong relationship between them could potentially break down. Biii) Any information that is shared during work should remain at work and information shouldn’t be passed onto people who aren’t in a health care profession or working along side you. Any information regarding other individuals or staff members shouldn’t be discussed with other service users. All the residents information such as their care plans should be kept in a locked cupboard so they are out of reach from visitors and other residents. Information regarding an individual shouldn’t be passed out over the phone unless told by a senior member of staff and you should ensure that you can’t be overheard by anyone when talking about an individual or member of staff. Biv) A social care worker should get advice on confidentiality when they feel that someone is potentially at risk. If the care worker decides that keeping the information to themselves could cause harm to themselves, the individual or someone else then they should get further information. This can be found in the policies and procedures and their staff manual. They could also ask a senior member of staff or their manager.

Biology-Mangroves essays

Biology-Mangroves essays Mangroves are woody plants or plant communitys which live between the sea and the land in areas that have tides. Therefore they are found on coastlines all around the world where the water is warm enough. They can be trees but (like a rainforest plant) they can also be shrubs or palms. All share the ability to live in salt water. Mangrove plants have had to adapt quite a lot in order to survive in their marine environment. Their water intake is saline so they have had to make adaptations in order to rid themselves of the excess salt. One method is to excrete salt which has entered the system through their leaves. These leaves have special salt glands which are among the most active salt-secreting systems known. It is quite possible to see or even taste the salt on the leaf surfaces of species that choose this method. Another method is to reduce the uptake of salt at the roots. The last method of coping with salt is to concentrate it in bark or in older leaves that carry it with them when they drop. Mangroves have developed special root adaptations called pneumatophores or ariel roots to deal with the soft, salty, oxygen deficient soils they live in. These pneumatophores stick out of the shallow waters allowing the mangroves to take in air at the roots. This oxygen cant go below 1 metre under the soil because of pressure so the root systems are branched out through the soil. If these roots didnt branch out the trees wouldnt be able to support their weight so they would fall down. Mangroves have made other adaptations to help them survive in their environment as well. For instance mangroves have a special method of forming their seeds. They are covered by a tough skin that protects them until they are ready to fall from the tree. When they fall this skin also allows them to float. While they are floating on the water the roots form on the seed until they are long enough to catch on the mud or san...

Differences between Cost-Effectiveness and Performance Management Coursework

Differences between Cost-Effectiveness and Performance Management - Coursework Example However, performance management can be done at the beginning of a project, in the course of the project and at the end of the project, unlike cost effectiveness which is mostly done after the conclusion of a project or at the end of a financial period A nonprofit organization is one that conducts activities or charitable projects without financial gains in mind and enjoys tax exemptions from the state. For a long time, it has been thought that it is difficult to measure the performance of nonprofit organizations. According to Anthony and Herzlinger (1980), they noted that the reason there exists a problem in the measurement of performance in nonprofit organizations is the aspect of motivation unlike in profit-making organizations where they are driven by profits. Thus, the lack of motivation leads to financial unsoundness to the nonprofit organizations. However, there are certain elements that are essential in assessing financial soundness in such organizations. Firstenberg and Nitte rhouse (1994), states that programs with measurable objectives and tasks should be created and seen to it that they are accomplished. They insist on the importance of having a budget that funds the tasks, setting time targets to meet those particular tasks and identifying managerial practices in that particular field the organization is involved in, to help in monitoring tasks and progress. Monitoring progress should be done through budget expenditures, completion of tasks and meeting objectives, meeting targets and comparison of the actual cost to the budgeted costs. This is just but a tip of the iceberg in assessing financial soundness of nonprofit organizations.

Age Discrimination in a site based Workplace Literature review

Age Discrimination in a site based Workplace - Literature review Example nal Statistics (2008), there is an increasing trend in the number of workers aged above 50 years in the construction industry, and this number is likely to account for 30% of the total working population in this industry by the year 2020. Maurer & Rafuse (2001) observe that age has had a significant impact on the chances of people aged more than 55 years seeking employment in the UK. Most of the construction companies presume that younger and energetic people have a greater capacity to accomplish tasks and bring in new knowledge in the industry (Bendick et al. 2001). Nevertheless, it is important to note that the aging generation has significant experience to contribute to the industry. Martin et al. (2003) argues that to avoid age discrimination in the construction industry, the thought of where and how to advertise is important to ensure that different age groups are reached. Sometimes the aged are discouraged from seeking employment due to the use of advertisement language such as â€Å"recent graduate† which disregards the experienced labour force. On the other hand, some advertisements suppress the hopes of the younger energetic labour force through the use of words such as â€Å"mature† or â€Å"15 years experience† and many other words that discriminate applicants on the basis of age (Office of National Statistics 2008). Even though some tasks may require experience, some employers in the construction industry are not specific with regard to the job’s requirements. Martin et al. (2003) observes that different age groups can be offered equal opportunity if the experience needed is substitutable with equivalent qualifications. This allows the experienced older members in the labor force to match their younger qualified counterparts in applying for the job. Maurer & Rafuse (2001) argue that age is usually not a good sign of great potential among workers. Studies have proved that different people in different age groups have strong characteristics that are

Disadvantages Of Watching Television English Literature Essay

Disadvantages Of Watching Television English Literature Essay This article talks about the disadvantages of watching television and the reality television shows, in this article the author is trying to say that there are a lot of disadvantages of watching television. There are many of disadvantages they are: it makes the person who is watching to increase heaviness because of always sitting in front of the television not doing anything else. Second it makes you misuse your time, as instead of not making a very useful things and habits or even sports you keep stuck to watching and this makes you devastate a lot of time. Third , it promotes compliance as when teenagers of children are watching these reality television it makes them stay and dont encourage them to have a purpose in their life so it encourages passivity. The author aim in this article is to deliver and focus on the disadvantages of television. He addresses the message to especially teens and children and this source is very useful in the research. Karger, Jillian. The Effects of Watching Reality TV Shows.EHow. 25 Feb. 2010 In this article the Jillian karger is talking about the effects of the reality television shows on people. She says that it has a lot of effects, some of these effects are that the improbable outlook that people would believe that life is so vivid and that life should be full of performance and that is not in the real life so, this is improbable opportunity. Also, the lack of isolation that the people are in this reality TV has no privacy everyone is watching so there is nothing private everything is shown on television. Also, there is diversion as when the people watch these reality shows they feel that all what they see in these reality shows are reality and after that they dont want to live the real life they are living as it is not like the life they are seeing in these reality shows. It also, makes you wish bad luck others. The purpose of the article is to make the audience know the effects of watching these reality television shows on the teens and all the people watching these reality television shows. The author is addressing the teens and the children because they are the most sectors of people in the society who are watching these reality television shows so the author is trying to make them know that there are a lot of effects of watching reality shows. B. Slocum, Charles. The Real History of Reality TV. Wga. 25 Feb. 2010 In this article the author says when and where and how the first reality television started and who were the people watching it mainly the author in this article is giving a historical background for the reality television as the people who are interested in the issue of reality television, the author is providing them with information to know more about this issue. The author said that when reality television first started it was captured with cameras and it started first people loved it very much and they were enjoying watching these reality television shows and that there were a lot of people who were loving to watch these shows. After that, these shoes were developed until they are seen as today in the television and there are a lot of people who are really very interested in these shows nowadays. The author in this article is delivering the message to all the person the author is trying to make the people who are reading this article get informational background. In this article the author purpose is to make people know more information about this issue. Reality Television Introduction. Enotes. 25 Feb. 2010 The article is talking about introduction to reality television and some of the historical back ground about the reality television. The article is talking about what is reality television and why it started and why is people interested in it. What really makes people very interested and entertained when watching these reality television shows may be they are having fun when they are seeing people in their daily life and how they face challenges and live in their own life and can begin a new life and make challenges and be very successful. This maybe giving them experience in their lives. In the article the purpose is to make the audience just think whether the reality television is good and worth watching or not. Also, to know these shows what is the benefit from watching them and spending a lot of time in front of the television just watching people leading day by day in their life? The author is addressing the message to all the people. The Reality TV Controversies.Case Studies.25 Feb. 2010 In this article the author tries to focus on the advantages and disadvantages of the reality television as to make the audience know what are the pros and cons of reality television. the author says that reality television has lots of disadvantages as first it has no privacy as people who are in these reality shows everyone is watching them and their steps as if they are in public so there is no privacy for them , also it makes people   who are in this reality television really ashamed as everyone is watching them and every step they are making. The author didnt forget also to talk about the advantages of reality television he said that may be this reality television gives the audience some experience from the daily life challenges and people they are watching how leading their daily life challenges, I can also makes them gain some entertainment and time of fun as it makes them some how happy from watching these reality shows. the purpose of this article is that the author want to deliver the message of that there are a lot of pros and cons for reality television. He delivers the message to especially the teens who are addicted to watching these reality shows. Ethics and Reality TV.Atheism. 25 Feb. 2010 in the article the author is trying to ask a very important question , this question is should people watch these reality television shows or not . some people think that watching these reality shows is really important to get entertainment and to get experience from the challenges and live of people they are watching and that will make them better and know how to take right decisions in their lives and to think right. Others think that it is just very bad shows as they make people humiliated and feeling bad and they think that this makes also people watching make bad habits like wishing bad luck to some people. All of these reasons makes the author raise this question to the audience just to make them think of the issue in a very serious way to watch these shows or not and to know the advantages and disadvantages of it , the good and the bad points to be able to know the pros and con of this issue . the author is addressing his article to the teens.  Ã‚   Sears, Alan. Whats real about Reality TV?New socialist. 25 Feb. 2010 In this article the author says that Reality TV is a type that combines basics of talk show, game show, vulgar pseudo-anthropology and pro wrestling. It traces the actions of non-actors placed in various situations facing set challenges. The success of Survivor played a big role in initiation the genre in North America. It was popular enough to make voted off the island a part of our everyday language. The success of Reality TV was driven first by commercial considerations. What makes these shows popular to producers is in part the same process of reorganization to force up proceeds that we are considering in all kinds of workplaces. It involves the use of new technology and work restructuring to deskill the workforce and valve into cheaper work sources. Reality TV is very cheap to make, requiring fewer writers and actors than customary indoctrination while making use of incomplete sets and fixed cameras for at least some of the action. It is a big profit centre for the networks, whi ch are facing increased opposition in the digital age. The purpose of the author in this article is that to know the introduction of reality television and he discuss the introduction of reality television. He addresses all the people In the society. Reality TV Gives Contestants a New Reasonto Smile.Perio. 25 Feb. 2010 In addition to treating the periodontal disease, the patients smile may also get better. This is significant because a smile is often one of the first things people notice about another person. When examination people on television be given a whole change, its clear that the look of the persons smile can greatly influence their self-worth. I see this in my perform everyday. Now that Americans are living longer, superficial operation has become more popular. spoken artificial operation has also felt this trend as it has knowledgeable a important shift toward cosmetic-related surgery to help improve the smile. Excessive gum tissue can create a gummy smile, but the periodontist can perform a crown expansion process to remove excess gum tissue and expose an ideal smile. on the other hand, a persons teeth may appear too long if their gums have receded or shrink. This can often be corrected with soft tissue graft events. Dental implants, an artificial tooth root placed into the jaw to hold a replacement tooth or bridge can be used to replace missing teeth. Wieczorek, mark. Reality TV Faked? So What?Markzilla. 25 Feb. 2010 Apparently talk shows and reality television are some how the same s reality television is that these reality television and talk shows has a lot of advantages and disadvantages as these can make people make smile and make them happy and also it can make them gain money and these reality television shows will be a negative points of views as there will be a lack of privacy as what will be made on the television will not all be real and there will be a lck of privacy.

Capital Punishment :: essays papers

Capital Punishment During the Greek Golden Age, art and philosophy expressed hellenic "weltanschauung", their unique outlook on the world and way of life. Through the works of artists, playwrights, and philosophers, one can see both sides of the conflicted systems of the world, such as; good vs. evil, order vs. chaos, stability vs. flux, relativism vs. absolutism and balance and harmony. The Greeks were materialists. They adopted the philosophical doctrine which says that physical matter is the only reality in the universe; everything else, including thought, feeling, mind and will can be explained in terms of physical laws. Their materialism was expressed in an excessive regard for worldly, beautiful material things and concerns. They used their art to show the glories of humanity and man. The sculptors of the Golden Age aimed to create graceful, strong and perfectly formed figures. Their art showed natural positions and thoughtful expressions rather than abstract art forms. Their standards of order and balance became standards for classical art in western civilization. The Greeks were proud of their temples and other architecture, made to honor the gods and beautify the polis (city-state). Their famous architectural styles were the heavy Doric columns and the slender scrolled Ionian columns. The Parthenon, the Greek temple for the goddess Athena, is a impeccable example of symmetry and proportion. The sides of the Parthenon give an optical illusion of perfect balance on all sides. Their desire for balance in art and architecture represents the balance of the world; order and moderation are expressed in the simplicity of lines and shapes. The resulting overall structure works together to achieve harmony. In ancient Greece, public drama was more than entertainment. It was a form of public education. It dealt with issues of importance to the people, such as; the authority of the leaders, the power of the people, questions of justice, morality, wars, peace, the duties of the gods, family life and city living. Aeschylus wrote about the furies and how they punished man for wrongdoings. This shows that he believed that chaos would be punished because order (and law) is the ideal state.

Importance of National Income

A variety of measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate total economic activity in a country or region, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), net national income (NNI), and adjusted national income (NNI* adjusted for natural resource depletion). All are specially concerned with counting the total amount of goods and services produced within some â€Å"boundary†.The boundary is usually defined by geography or citizenship, and may also restrict the goods and services that are counted. For instance, some measures count only goods and services that are exchanged for money, excluding bartered goods, while other measures may attempt to include bartered goods by imputing monetary values to them. National accounts Main article: National accounts Arriving at a figure for the total production of goods and services in a large region like a country entails a large amount of data-collection and calculation.Although some attempts were made to estimate national incomes as long ago as the 17th century,[2] the systematic keeping of national accounts, of which these figures are a part, only began in the 1930s, in the United States and some European countries. The impetus for that major statistical effort was the Great Depression and the rise of Keynesian economics, which prescribed a greater role for the government in managing an economy, and made it necessary for governments to obtain accurate information so that their interventions into the economy could proceed as well-informed as possible. [edit]Market value Main article: Market value In order to count a good or service, it is necessary to assign value to it. The value that the measures of national income and output assign to a good or service is its market value – the price it fetches when bought or sold. The actual usefulness of a product (its use-value) is not measured – assuming the use-value to be any different from its market value. Thre e strategies have been used to obtain the market values of all the goods and services produced: the product (or output) method, the expenditure method, nd the income method. The product method looks at the economy on an industry-by-industry basis. The total output of the economy is the sum of the outputs of every industry. However, since an output of one industry may be used by another industry and become part of the output of that second industry, to avoid counting the item twice we use not the value output by each industry, but the value-added; that is, the difference between the value of what it puts out and what it takes in. The total value produced by the economy is the sum of the values-added by every industry.The expenditure method is based on the idea that all products are bought by somebody or some organisation. Therefore we sum up the total amount of money people and organisations spend in buying things. This amount must equal the value of everything produced. Usually expe nditures by private individuals, expenditures by businesses, and expenditures by government are calculated separately and then summed to give the total expenditure. Also, a correction term must be introduced to account for imports and exports outside the boundary. The income method works by summing the incomes of all producers within the boundary.Since what they are paid is just the market value of their product, their total income must be the total value of the product. Wages, proprieter's incomes, and corporate profits are the major subdivisions of income. [edit]The output approach The output approach focuses on finding the total output of a nation by directly finding the total value of all goods and services a nation produces. Because of the complication of the multiple stages in the production of a good or service, only the final value of a good or service is included in the total output.This avoids an issue often called ‘double counting', wherein the total value of a good is included several times in national output, by counting it repeatedly in several stages of production. In the example of meat production, the value of the good from the farm may be $10, then $30 from the butchers, and then $60 from the supermarket. The value that should be included in final national output should be $60, not the sum of all those numbers, $90. The values added at each stage of production over the previous stage are respectively $10, $20, and $30.Their sum gives an alternative way of calculating the value of final output. Formulae: GDP(gross domestic product) at market price = value of output in an economy in the particular year – intermediate consumption NNP at factor cost = GDP at market price – depreciation + NFIA (net factor income from abroad) – net indirect taxes[3] [edit]The income approach The income approach equates the total output of a nation to the total factor income received by residents or citizens of the nation.The main types of factor income are: Employee compensation (cost of fringe benefits, including unemployment, health, and retirement benefits); Interest received net of interest paid; Rental income (mainly for the use of real estate) net of expenses of landlords; Royalties paid for the use of intellectual property and extractable natural resources. All remaining value added generated by firms is called the residual or profit. If a firm has stockholders, they own the residual, some of which they receive as dividends. Profit includes the income of the entrepreneur – the businessman who combines factor inputs to produce a good or service.

Effects of Physical Punishment Based On Race Research Paper

African American vs. Caucasians Introduction Physical punishment refers to any form of punishment that is inflicted on the body of an individual. It is quite different from the pecuniary punishments, which have nothing to do with the physical body of an individual. Most of the physical punishments occur in two major scenarios. These include the physical chastisement with respect to an offender. This is a punitive measure for one who has committed a crime. The other aspect is corporal punishment of children. This can be utilized as a disciplinary measure in schools as well as a method by parents of a child, in an effort to instill discipline in a stubborn child or one who has made a mistake worth disciplinary measure. Looking at the finer details of physical punishment in the federal system, there are other measures such as branding, flogging as well as mutilation. In as much as physical punishment takes two major forms, there are a number of psychological effects that come as a result of physical punishment. Further, such effects vary depending on the race of the individual, for instance the impact of a certain form of physical punishment on an African American, would be very different from that of a Caucasian. In as much as most people relate physical punishment to positive behavior alterations, there are also negative outcome of the same. Effects of physical punishment based on race Increased violence rates Dr. Alvin Poussaint, who is a professor of psychiatry within the Medical School at Harvard, is on of the many professors who oppose physical punishment especially on the African American children. The main argument brought forward on this matter lies in the fact most of these children end up growing with the notion that the violence is the only amicable solution to any problem (Muwakkil, 2006). However, physical punishments have several other harmful effects on the black community social life. A lot of anger has engrossed the African-American children due to frequent physical punishment to the extent that they even form the highest rate the expelled students due to anger (Garrett, 1995). Further studies indicate that the more these children get physically punished, the more they harbor anger. This anger then boils down into exhibits of violent activities. It is no wonder that the number of African Americans behind bars is alarmingly on the rise. Another research indicated that of all the parents, 80% of the African American parents believe in corporal punishment (Bachar, Canetti, Bonne, Denour Shalev, 1997). Despite the fact that African American children are the ones who undergo corporal punishment the most, some Caucasian children also go through the same. However, the most significant factor in the difference between the African-Americans and the Caucasians with respect to physical punishment is in the intensity of violence rates (Holt Espelage, 2005). The few Caucasian children who undergo this form of punishment exhibit the most extreme use of violence compared to their African American counterparts (Siegel Welsh, 2008). Cycle of violence As earlier indicated, studies depict that most of the people who undergo physical punishment are the African Americans. A significant psychological report indicates that physical punishment is more likely to teach and nature children to become physically violent and even depict the same later in life (Lytton, 1997). It is no wonder that the African Americans have continuously passed on this form of punitive measure. This is in the sense that upon growing up under physical punishment as a corrective measure, they carry the same into their homes and exercise the same on their children (American Psychological Association, 1975). On the other hand, their Caucasian counterparts having grown up without experiencing severe instances of physical punishment rarely punish their children physically or via corporal punishment. This therefore appears to be a form of cycle of violence (Hardy Laszloffy, 2005). Physical abuse Many African Americans use physical punishment more than the Caucasians but either way there is a difference in psychological response to physical abuse by the two racial extremes. The routine use of this, results in parents engaging in physical abuse especially when physical punishment loses effectiveness over time (Gracia Herrero, 2008). The psychological impact of physical abuse is inevitably post traumatic stress disorder. The remedies for such include resorting to substance abuse and to the extreme suicide attempts (Werkle Wall, 2002). Based on a research carried out on risk factors for suicidal behavior, the African American indicated that they suffered a lot of emotional neglect and intense physical abuse. On the other hand, for the Caucasians, this was to a high degree related to family history and to a lesser degree physical abuse in childhood, although it played a minor part (Roy, 2003). Effects of physical punishment on households (Social Workers and African-Americans) Case Study Back Ground During a five year a five-year study with respect to the delivery of social service delivery, a significant aspect was brought to light. This was in the sense that any time a white social worker made an effort to talk about matters to do with physical punishment or any other issue related to the upbringing of a child, especially with a black parent, there were significant attitudes alterations. The alterations were as regards the opinion of parents to that of the social workers on the matter of physical punishment. Many of the African American parents expressed a high affinity for physical discipline. Upon inclusion of elderly African Americans, the preference was not any different. The issue of physical punishment has for a long time dominated the context of social service delivery in the contemporary America (Mosby, Rawls, Meehan, Mays Pettinari, 1999). Conflict in social work policy As per the American social worker policy, physical punishment is supposed to be treated as on of the most dis-preferred methods when it comes to child discipline. While most of the social workers preferably treat commitment to physical punishment as primary evidence of inappropriate parenting skills, the black American see this as the best evidence of caring and concerned parenthood. This is primarily the conflict area between the African American parents and social workers (Mosby, Rawls, Meehan, Mays Pettinari, 1999). Midwest Agency Practical application African American, urban parents, who were usually served by Midwest Agency, were required by the judicial court to take part in a program of social service intervention as well as training. This was in an effort to keep the families intact. The reason was that, most of the children from such homes were already in foster homes. Most of the parents who took part in this program did it with the hope of obtaining their children back upon being judged fit to be parents. However, it has been observed that even as the parents are undergoing this form of training, they still reiterated the fact that they prefer physical punishment on their children more than any other because it is the best way the know how to discipline their children(Mosby, Rawls, Meehan, Mays Pettinari, 1999). Considering the fact that they really wanted their children, it was evident that it was their cultural orientation, shared by everyone in the black American community which drove them to prefer this form of punishm ent, despite the fact that it has landed them into such massive trouble. They are often misjudged on the notion of improper parenting which is often not the case (Westman, 1994). Inappropriate measures by the social workers The confusion in the techniques used by the African American parents to bring up their children, has resulted in most social workers over representing the case for the African American children, this is with regard to them being put in foster care systems more than the whites of any other racial orientations. Statistics indicate that the rate, at which the African American children are reported, is almost double their actual population. Another startling statistic is the separation of African American children from their families, which is about five times on the high compared to their Caucasian counterparts. Besides, in comparison the other racial orientations, it is the African American children who remain in care the longest. Besides, they end up receiving the least desirable placements compared to children from other races (Mosby, Rawls, Meehan, Mays Pettinari, 1999). Findings Most of the social workers dealing with African Americans record the highest instances of physical punishment and physical abuse on the children. Moreover, it is the African Americans who exhibit a more augmented rate of initial contact with individuals from the social services compared to the Caucasian households. Due to their cultural orientations, the African Americans have a higher preference for physical discipline. This has resulted in stubbornness on the part of such parents in the quest to accommodate new parenting modes and cut down on either corporal or physical punishment. Similarly, due to the strong root and firm belief in their parenting styles it is very difficult for any of these individuals who highly value their parenting styles, and having the support of their fellow African Americans, to take in and welcome the opinion of   a white social worker, who may claim that they are using their children. They even insist that they will continue to use the same form of ph ysical punishment on their children. The findings indicated that this kind of attitude developed by the African Americans towards the social workers is due to adherence to a predetermined set of traditional cultural values as far as child upbringing is concerned. However, this mind set is yet again the main reason why most social service agencies target the African American house holds (Mosby, Rawls, Meehan, Mays Pettinari, 1999). Different styles of punishment in different cultures and the argument for the same Case Study Background The study was primarily aimed at examining the alterations in cultural differences between the parenting practices. This was with regard to physical punishment in the African-Americans and Caucasians. Most of the adults at the place were asked questions related to their care givers and their parents in terms of their upbringing and the form of discipline that they were given. Through the examination of the relevant variables, the study would bring to light the relevant data as regards the variation in styles of punishment in different cultures. Another important aspect of the study would be to bring out the relation between cultures, styles of discipline and even the parenting styles. Besides, the data was aimed to bring out statistically significant difference between Caucasian and African American parenting practices (Hyman Wise, 1979). The hypothesis was that African American parenting as well as discipline practices would to a great extent involve a lot of corporal punishment op posed to the Caucasians. In addition, it was also assumed that more of the African American parents utilize the authoritarian parenting style which makes them use a lot of physical punitive measures. On contrary, their Caucasian counterparts use the permissive parenting. Overall, this study analyzed the existence of a correlation between culture and parenting practices (Van Ijzendoorn, C Tavecchio, Stams, Verhoeven Reiling, 1998). Findings The assumptions and hypothesis were quite different from the results of the research. The authoritative and permissive parenting styles were exercised by the African American parents. However, with respect to disciplinary measures, it was the African Americans who mostly exercised physical punishment. On the other hand, their Caucasian counterparts use a lot of dialogue and coercion to correct their young ones.   Elements of acculturation were evident in the sense that some of the African-Americans, who were married to Caucasians, practiced both elements such as corporal punishment and also dialogue. Additionally, related studies indicate that via the acculturation, the minority group usually adopts the cultural practices of the culture that is dominant. Further results indicated that the African American mothers who were foreign born, used a lot of verbal reasoning and child spanking, whereas the native-born African Americans used more of scolding as opposed to spanking and verbal reasoning. An interesting result from the research was that the intensity of the use of corporal punishment among the Caucasian parents who used it was to the extreme (Van Ijzendoorn, C Tavecchio, Stams, Verhoeven Reiling, 1998). Conclusion From the research carried out and the case studies utilized, it is evident that physical punishment has severe negative effects that may be both physical as well as psychological. If this is frequent, harsh as well as intense, definitely a negative impact will be experienced by the one it is inflicted upon. It is also evident from the studies that in case a punishment is utilized normatively in a culture, the effects are less negative. However, caution has to be taken, because the degree of the impact cannot be predicted. Some positive contributions regarding striking a balance between cultures, forms of punishment and social worker related perspective conflict, parents are encouraged to adopt better, harmless and more positive parenting methods. Based on the fact that the race of an individual has an inclination to some traits in the individuals such as violence rates, fueling the cycle of violence and depicting of physical abuse later in life, it is important that further research be carried out on the manner in which these vices can be reduced from a particular group of people or even get eliminated. Besides, the studies that have been used indicate that there is a conflict of interest between the social workers and the form of physical punishment inflicted upon, especially among the African Americans families. The best remedy to this is having an understanding of the cultural difference, because it is very easy for an African American social worker to understand what goes on in an African American home in terms of child upbringing, punishment methods utilized as compared to a Caucasian social worker. Consequently, it curbs on the extreme statistics regarding the number of African American children being taken to foster ho mes by mistake. Another aspect of the research carried out was on the relationship between culture and the kind of punishment that is most dominant. It is vital for the cultural orientation to be clearly distinguished but then the parents should be advised on the psychological as well as physical implications of the form of punishment they give there young ones with the aim of correcting their character and earning their respect. If it is to both extremes, either positive or negative, the outcome would be negative. Most of the assumptions made regarding culture and physical punishment as depicted in the research are not always the case. References American Psychological Association. (1975). Resolution on Corporal Punishment. Washington. Bachar, E., Canetti, L., Bonne, O., Denour, A. K., Shalev, A. Y. (1997). 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