Disadvantages Of Watching Television English Literature Essay

Disadvantages Of Watching Television English Literature Essay This article talks about the disadvantages of watching television and the reality television shows, in this article the author is trying to say that there are a lot of disadvantages of watching television. There are many of disadvantages they are: it makes the person who is watching to increase heaviness because of always sitting in front of the television not doing anything else. Second it makes you misuse your time, as instead of not making a very useful things and habits or even sports you keep stuck to watching and this makes you devastate a lot of time. Third , it promotes compliance as when teenagers of children are watching these reality television it makes them stay and dont encourage them to have a purpose in their life so it encourages passivity. The author aim in this article is to deliver and focus on the disadvantages of television. He addresses the message to especially teens and children and this source is very useful in the research. Karger, Jillian. The Effects of Watching Reality TV Shows.EHow. 25 Feb. 2010 In this article the Jillian karger is talking about the effects of the reality television shows on people. She says that it has a lot of effects, some of these effects are that the improbable outlook that people would believe that life is so vivid and that life should be full of performance and that is not in the real life so, this is improbable opportunity. Also, the lack of isolation that the people are in this reality TV has no privacy everyone is watching so there is nothing private everything is shown on television. Also, there is diversion as when the people watch these reality shows they feel that all what they see in these reality shows are reality and after that they dont want to live the real life they are living as it is not like the life they are seeing in these reality shows. It also, makes you wish bad luck others. The purpose of the article is to make the audience know the effects of watching these reality television shows on the teens and all the people watching these reality television shows. The author is addressing the teens and the children because they are the most sectors of people in the society who are watching these reality television shows so the author is trying to make them know that there are a lot of effects of watching reality shows. B. Slocum, Charles. The Real History of Reality TV. Wga. 25 Feb. 2010 In this article the author says when and where and how the first reality television started and who were the people watching it mainly the author in this article is giving a historical background for the reality television as the people who are interested in the issue of reality television, the author is providing them with information to know more about this issue. The author said that when reality television first started it was captured with cameras and it started first people loved it very much and they were enjoying watching these reality television shows and that there were a lot of people who were loving to watch these shows. After that, these shoes were developed until they are seen as today in the television and there are a lot of people who are really very interested in these shows nowadays. The author in this article is delivering the message to all the person the author is trying to make the people who are reading this article get informational background. In this article the author purpose is to make people know more information about this issue. Reality Television Introduction. Enotes. 25 Feb. 2010 The article is talking about introduction to reality television and some of the historical back ground about the reality television. The article is talking about what is reality television and why it started and why is people interested in it. What really makes people very interested and entertained when watching these reality television shows may be they are having fun when they are seeing people in their daily life and how they face challenges and live in their own life and can begin a new life and make challenges and be very successful. This maybe giving them experience in their lives. In the article the purpose is to make the audience just think whether the reality television is good and worth watching or not. Also, to know these shows what is the benefit from watching them and spending a lot of time in front of the television just watching people leading day by day in their life? The author is addressing the message to all the people. The Reality TV Controversies.Case Studies.25 Feb. 2010 In this article the author tries to focus on the advantages and disadvantages of the reality television as to make the audience know what are the pros and cons of reality television. the author says that reality television has lots of disadvantages as first it has no privacy as people who are in these reality shows everyone is watching them and their steps as if they are in public so there is no privacy for them , also it makes people   who are in this reality television really ashamed as everyone is watching them and every step they are making. The author didnt forget also to talk about the advantages of reality television he said that may be this reality television gives the audience some experience from the daily life challenges and people they are watching how leading their daily life challenges, I can also makes them gain some entertainment and time of fun as it makes them some how happy from watching these reality shows. the purpose of this article is that the author want to deliver the message of that there are a lot of pros and cons for reality television. He delivers the message to especially the teens who are addicted to watching these reality shows. Ethics and Reality TV.Atheism. 25 Feb. 2010 in the article the author is trying to ask a very important question , this question is should people watch these reality television shows or not . some people think that watching these reality shows is really important to get entertainment and to get experience from the challenges and live of people they are watching and that will make them better and know how to take right decisions in their lives and to think right. Others think that it is just very bad shows as they make people humiliated and feeling bad and they think that this makes also people watching make bad habits like wishing bad luck to some people. All of these reasons makes the author raise this question to the audience just to make them think of the issue in a very serious way to watch these shows or not and to know the advantages and disadvantages of it , the good and the bad points to be able to know the pros and con of this issue . the author is addressing his article to the teens.  Ã‚   Sears, Alan. Whats real about Reality TV?New socialist. 25 Feb. 2010 In this article the author says that Reality TV is a type that combines basics of talk show, game show, vulgar pseudo-anthropology and pro wrestling. It traces the actions of non-actors placed in various situations facing set challenges. The success of Survivor played a big role in initiation the genre in North America. It was popular enough to make voted off the island a part of our everyday language. The success of Reality TV was driven first by commercial considerations. What makes these shows popular to producers is in part the same process of reorganization to force up proceeds that we are considering in all kinds of workplaces. It involves the use of new technology and work restructuring to deskill the workforce and valve into cheaper work sources. Reality TV is very cheap to make, requiring fewer writers and actors than customary indoctrination while making use of incomplete sets and fixed cameras for at least some of the action. It is a big profit centre for the networks, whi ch are facing increased opposition in the digital age. The purpose of the author in this article is that to know the introduction of reality television and he discuss the introduction of reality television. He addresses all the people In the society. Reality TV Gives Contestants a New Reasonto Smile.Perio. 25 Feb. 2010 In addition to treating the periodontal disease, the patients smile may also get better. This is significant because a smile is often one of the first things people notice about another person. When examination people on television be given a whole change, its clear that the look of the persons smile can greatly influence their self-worth. I see this in my perform everyday. Now that Americans are living longer, superficial operation has become more popular. spoken artificial operation has also felt this trend as it has knowledgeable a important shift toward cosmetic-related surgery to help improve the smile. Excessive gum tissue can create a gummy smile, but the periodontist can perform a crown expansion process to remove excess gum tissue and expose an ideal smile. on the other hand, a persons teeth may appear too long if their gums have receded or shrink. This can often be corrected with soft tissue graft events. Dental implants, an artificial tooth root placed into the jaw to hold a replacement tooth or bridge can be used to replace missing teeth. Wieczorek, mark. Reality TV Faked? So What?Markzilla. 25 Feb. 2010 Apparently talk shows and reality television are some how the same s reality television is that these reality television and talk shows has a lot of advantages and disadvantages as these can make people make smile and make them happy and also it can make them gain money and these reality television shows will be a negative points of views as there will be a lack of privacy as what will be made on the television will not all be real and there will be a lck of privacy.

Capital Punishment :: essays papers

Capital Punishment During the Greek Golden Age, art and philosophy expressed hellenic "weltanschauung", their unique outlook on the world and way of life. Through the works of artists, playwrights, and philosophers, one can see both sides of the conflicted systems of the world, such as; good vs. evil, order vs. chaos, stability vs. flux, relativism vs. absolutism and balance and harmony. The Greeks were materialists. They adopted the philosophical doctrine which says that physical matter is the only reality in the universe; everything else, including thought, feeling, mind and will can be explained in terms of physical laws. Their materialism was expressed in an excessive regard for worldly, beautiful material things and concerns. They used their art to show the glories of humanity and man. The sculptors of the Golden Age aimed to create graceful, strong and perfectly formed figures. Their art showed natural positions and thoughtful expressions rather than abstract art forms. Their standards of order and balance became standards for classical art in western civilization. The Greeks were proud of their temples and other architecture, made to honor the gods and beautify the polis (city-state). Their famous architectural styles were the heavy Doric columns and the slender scrolled Ionian columns. The Parthenon, the Greek temple for the goddess Athena, is a impeccable example of symmetry and proportion. The sides of the Parthenon give an optical illusion of perfect balance on all sides. Their desire for balance in art and architecture represents the balance of the world; order and moderation are expressed in the simplicity of lines and shapes. The resulting overall structure works together to achieve harmony. In ancient Greece, public drama was more than entertainment. It was a form of public education. It dealt with issues of importance to the people, such as; the authority of the leaders, the power of the people, questions of justice, morality, wars, peace, the duties of the gods, family life and city living. Aeschylus wrote about the furies and how they punished man for wrongdoings. This shows that he believed that chaos would be punished because order (and law) is the ideal state.

Importance of National Income

A variety of measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate total economic activity in a country or region, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), net national income (NNI), and adjusted national income (NNI* adjusted for natural resource depletion). All are specially concerned with counting the total amount of goods and services produced within some â€Å"boundary†.The boundary is usually defined by geography or citizenship, and may also restrict the goods and services that are counted. For instance, some measures count only goods and services that are exchanged for money, excluding bartered goods, while other measures may attempt to include bartered goods by imputing monetary values to them. National accounts Main article: National accounts Arriving at a figure for the total production of goods and services in a large region like a country entails a large amount of data-collection and calculation.Although some attempts were made to estimate national incomes as long ago as the 17th century,[2] the systematic keeping of national accounts, of which these figures are a part, only began in the 1930s, in the United States and some European countries. The impetus for that major statistical effort was the Great Depression and the rise of Keynesian economics, which prescribed a greater role for the government in managing an economy, and made it necessary for governments to obtain accurate information so that their interventions into the economy could proceed as well-informed as possible. [edit]Market value Main article: Market value In order to count a good or service, it is necessary to assign value to it. The value that the measures of national income and output assign to a good or service is its market value – the price it fetches when bought or sold. The actual usefulness of a product (its use-value) is not measured – assuming the use-value to be any different from its market value. Thre e strategies have been used to obtain the market values of all the goods and services produced: the product (or output) method, the expenditure method, nd the income method. The product method looks at the economy on an industry-by-industry basis. The total output of the economy is the sum of the outputs of every industry. However, since an output of one industry may be used by another industry and become part of the output of that second industry, to avoid counting the item twice we use not the value output by each industry, but the value-added; that is, the difference between the value of what it puts out and what it takes in. The total value produced by the economy is the sum of the values-added by every industry.The expenditure method is based on the idea that all products are bought by somebody or some organisation. Therefore we sum up the total amount of money people and organisations spend in buying things. This amount must equal the value of everything produced. Usually expe nditures by private individuals, expenditures by businesses, and expenditures by government are calculated separately and then summed to give the total expenditure. Also, a correction term must be introduced to account for imports and exports outside the boundary. The income method works by summing the incomes of all producers within the boundary.Since what they are paid is just the market value of their product, their total income must be the total value of the product. Wages, proprieter's incomes, and corporate profits are the major subdivisions of income. [edit]The output approach The output approach focuses on finding the total output of a nation by directly finding the total value of all goods and services a nation produces. Because of the complication of the multiple stages in the production of a good or service, only the final value of a good or service is included in the total output.This avoids an issue often called ‘double counting', wherein the total value of a good is included several times in national output, by counting it repeatedly in several stages of production. In the example of meat production, the value of the good from the farm may be $10, then $30 from the butchers, and then $60 from the supermarket. The value that should be included in final national output should be $60, not the sum of all those numbers, $90. The values added at each stage of production over the previous stage are respectively $10, $20, and $30.Their sum gives an alternative way of calculating the value of final output. Formulae: GDP(gross domestic product) at market price = value of output in an economy in the particular year – intermediate consumption NNP at factor cost = GDP at market price – depreciation + NFIA (net factor income from abroad) – net indirect taxes[3] [edit]The income approach The income approach equates the total output of a nation to the total factor income received by residents or citizens of the nation.The main types of factor income are: Employee compensation (cost of fringe benefits, including unemployment, health, and retirement benefits); Interest received net of interest paid; Rental income (mainly for the use of real estate) net of expenses of landlords; Royalties paid for the use of intellectual property and extractable natural resources. All remaining value added generated by firms is called the residual or profit. If a firm has stockholders, they own the residual, some of which they receive as dividends. Profit includes the income of the entrepreneur – the businessman who combines factor inputs to produce a good or service.

Effects of Physical Punishment Based On Race Research Paper

African American vs. Caucasians Introduction Physical punishment refers to any form of punishment that is inflicted on the body of an individual. It is quite different from the pecuniary punishments, which have nothing to do with the physical body of an individual. Most of the physical punishments occur in two major scenarios. These include the physical chastisement with respect to an offender. This is a punitive measure for one who has committed a crime. The other aspect is corporal punishment of children. This can be utilized as a disciplinary measure in schools as well as a method by parents of a child, in an effort to instill discipline in a stubborn child or one who has made a mistake worth disciplinary measure. Looking at the finer details of physical punishment in the federal system, there are other measures such as branding, flogging as well as mutilation. In as much as physical punishment takes two major forms, there are a number of psychological effects that come as a result of physical punishment. Further, such effects vary depending on the race of the individual, for instance the impact of a certain form of physical punishment on an African American, would be very different from that of a Caucasian. In as much as most people relate physical punishment to positive behavior alterations, there are also negative outcome of the same. Effects of physical punishment based on race Increased violence rates Dr. Alvin Poussaint, who is a professor of psychiatry within the Medical School at Harvard, is on of the many professors who oppose physical punishment especially on the African American children. The main argument brought forward on this matter lies in the fact most of these children end up growing with the notion that the violence is the only amicable solution to any problem (Muwakkil, 2006). However, physical punishments have several other harmful effects on the black community social life. A lot of anger has engrossed the African-American children due to frequent physical punishment to the extent that they even form the highest rate the expelled students due to anger (Garrett, 1995). Further studies indicate that the more these children get physically punished, the more they harbor anger. This anger then boils down into exhibits of violent activities. It is no wonder that the number of African Americans behind bars is alarmingly on the rise. Another research indicated that of all the parents, 80% of the African American parents believe in corporal punishment (Bachar, Canetti, Bonne, Denour Shalev, 1997). Despite the fact that African American children are the ones who undergo corporal punishment the most, some Caucasian children also go through the same. However, the most significant factor in the difference between the African-Americans and the Caucasians with respect to physical punishment is in the intensity of violence rates (Holt Espelage, 2005). The few Caucasian children who undergo this form of punishment exhibit the most extreme use of violence compared to their African American counterparts (Siegel Welsh, 2008). Cycle of violence As earlier indicated, studies depict that most of the people who undergo physical punishment are the African Americans. A significant psychological report indicates that physical punishment is more likely to teach and nature children to become physically violent and even depict the same later in life (Lytton, 1997). It is no wonder that the African Americans have continuously passed on this form of punitive measure. This is in the sense that upon growing up under physical punishment as a corrective measure, they carry the same into their homes and exercise the same on their children (American Psychological Association, 1975). On the other hand, their Caucasian counterparts having grown up without experiencing severe instances of physical punishment rarely punish their children physically or via corporal punishment. This therefore appears to be a form of cycle of violence (Hardy Laszloffy, 2005). Physical abuse Many African Americans use physical punishment more than the Caucasians but either way there is a difference in psychological response to physical abuse by the two racial extremes. The routine use of this, results in parents engaging in physical abuse especially when physical punishment loses effectiveness over time (Gracia Herrero, 2008). The psychological impact of physical abuse is inevitably post traumatic stress disorder. The remedies for such include resorting to substance abuse and to the extreme suicide attempts (Werkle Wall, 2002). Based on a research carried out on risk factors for suicidal behavior, the African American indicated that they suffered a lot of emotional neglect and intense physical abuse. On the other hand, for the Caucasians, this was to a high degree related to family history and to a lesser degree physical abuse in childhood, although it played a minor part (Roy, 2003). Effects of physical punishment on households (Social Workers and African-Americans) Case Study Back Ground During a five year a five-year study with respect to the delivery of social service delivery, a significant aspect was brought to light. This was in the sense that any time a white social worker made an effort to talk about matters to do with physical punishment or any other issue related to the upbringing of a child, especially with a black parent, there were significant attitudes alterations. The alterations were as regards the opinion of parents to that of the social workers on the matter of physical punishment. Many of the African American parents expressed a high affinity for physical discipline. Upon inclusion of elderly African Americans, the preference was not any different. The issue of physical punishment has for a long time dominated the context of social service delivery in the contemporary America (Mosby, Rawls, Meehan, Mays Pettinari, 1999). Conflict in social work policy As per the American social worker policy, physical punishment is supposed to be treated as on of the most dis-preferred methods when it comes to child discipline. While most of the social workers preferably treat commitment to physical punishment as primary evidence of inappropriate parenting skills, the black American see this as the best evidence of caring and concerned parenthood. This is primarily the conflict area between the African American parents and social workers (Mosby, Rawls, Meehan, Mays Pettinari, 1999). Midwest Agency Practical application African American, urban parents, who were usually served by Midwest Agency, were required by the judicial court to take part in a program of social service intervention as well as training. This was in an effort to keep the families intact. The reason was that, most of the children from such homes were already in foster homes. Most of the parents who took part in this program did it with the hope of obtaining their children back upon being judged fit to be parents. However, it has been observed that even as the parents are undergoing this form of training, they still reiterated the fact that they prefer physical punishment on their children more than any other because it is the best way the know how to discipline their children(Mosby, Rawls, Meehan, Mays Pettinari, 1999). Considering the fact that they really wanted their children, it was evident that it was their cultural orientation, shared by everyone in the black American community which drove them to prefer this form of punishm ent, despite the fact that it has landed them into such massive trouble. They are often misjudged on the notion of improper parenting which is often not the case (Westman, 1994). Inappropriate measures by the social workers The confusion in the techniques used by the African American parents to bring up their children, has resulted in most social workers over representing the case for the African American children, this is with regard to them being put in foster care systems more than the whites of any other racial orientations. Statistics indicate that the rate, at which the African American children are reported, is almost double their actual population. Another startling statistic is the separation of African American children from their families, which is about five times on the high compared to their Caucasian counterparts. Besides, in comparison the other racial orientations, it is the African American children who remain in care the longest. Besides, they end up receiving the least desirable placements compared to children from other races (Mosby, Rawls, Meehan, Mays Pettinari, 1999). Findings Most of the social workers dealing with African Americans record the highest instances of physical punishment and physical abuse on the children. Moreover, it is the African Americans who exhibit a more augmented rate of initial contact with individuals from the social services compared to the Caucasian households. Due to their cultural orientations, the African Americans have a higher preference for physical discipline. This has resulted in stubbornness on the part of such parents in the quest to accommodate new parenting modes and cut down on either corporal or physical punishment. Similarly, due to the strong root and firm belief in their parenting styles it is very difficult for any of these individuals who highly value their parenting styles, and having the support of their fellow African Americans, to take in and welcome the opinion of   a white social worker, who may claim that they are using their children. They even insist that they will continue to use the same form of ph ysical punishment on their children. The findings indicated that this kind of attitude developed by the African Americans towards the social workers is due to adherence to a predetermined set of traditional cultural values as far as child upbringing is concerned. However, this mind set is yet again the main reason why most social service agencies target the African American house holds (Mosby, Rawls, Meehan, Mays Pettinari, 1999). Different styles of punishment in different cultures and the argument for the same Case Study Background The study was primarily aimed at examining the alterations in cultural differences between the parenting practices. This was with regard to physical punishment in the African-Americans and Caucasians. Most of the adults at the place were asked questions related to their care givers and their parents in terms of their upbringing and the form of discipline that they were given. Through the examination of the relevant variables, the study would bring to light the relevant data as regards the variation in styles of punishment in different cultures. Another important aspect of the study would be to bring out the relation between cultures, styles of discipline and even the parenting styles. Besides, the data was aimed to bring out statistically significant difference between Caucasian and African American parenting practices (Hyman Wise, 1979). The hypothesis was that African American parenting as well as discipline practices would to a great extent involve a lot of corporal punishment op posed to the Caucasians. In addition, it was also assumed that more of the African American parents utilize the authoritarian parenting style which makes them use a lot of physical punitive measures. On contrary, their Caucasian counterparts use the permissive parenting. Overall, this study analyzed the existence of a correlation between culture and parenting practices (Van Ijzendoorn, C Tavecchio, Stams, Verhoeven Reiling, 1998). Findings The assumptions and hypothesis were quite different from the results of the research. The authoritative and permissive parenting styles were exercised by the African American parents. However, with respect to disciplinary measures, it was the African Americans who mostly exercised physical punishment. On the other hand, their Caucasian counterparts use a lot of dialogue and coercion to correct their young ones.   Elements of acculturation were evident in the sense that some of the African-Americans, who were married to Caucasians, practiced both elements such as corporal punishment and also dialogue. Additionally, related studies indicate that via the acculturation, the minority group usually adopts the cultural practices of the culture that is dominant. Further results indicated that the African American mothers who were foreign born, used a lot of verbal reasoning and child spanking, whereas the native-born African Americans used more of scolding as opposed to spanking and verbal reasoning. An interesting result from the research was that the intensity of the use of corporal punishment among the Caucasian parents who used it was to the extreme (Van Ijzendoorn, C Tavecchio, Stams, Verhoeven Reiling, 1998). Conclusion From the research carried out and the case studies utilized, it is evident that physical punishment has severe negative effects that may be both physical as well as psychological. If this is frequent, harsh as well as intense, definitely a negative impact will be experienced by the one it is inflicted upon. It is also evident from the studies that in case a punishment is utilized normatively in a culture, the effects are less negative. However, caution has to be taken, because the degree of the impact cannot be predicted. Some positive contributions regarding striking a balance between cultures, forms of punishment and social worker related perspective conflict, parents are encouraged to adopt better, harmless and more positive parenting methods. Based on the fact that the race of an individual has an inclination to some traits in the individuals such as violence rates, fueling the cycle of violence and depicting of physical abuse later in life, it is important that further research be carried out on the manner in which these vices can be reduced from a particular group of people or even get eliminated. Besides, the studies that have been used indicate that there is a conflict of interest between the social workers and the form of physical punishment inflicted upon, especially among the African Americans families. The best remedy to this is having an understanding of the cultural difference, because it is very easy for an African American social worker to understand what goes on in an African American home in terms of child upbringing, punishment methods utilized as compared to a Caucasian social worker. Consequently, it curbs on the extreme statistics regarding the number of African American children being taken to foster ho mes by mistake. Another aspect of the research carried out was on the relationship between culture and the kind of punishment that is most dominant. It is vital for the cultural orientation to be clearly distinguished but then the parents should be advised on the psychological as well as physical implications of the form of punishment they give there young ones with the aim of correcting their character and earning their respect. If it is to both extremes, either positive or negative, the outcome would be negative. Most of the assumptions made regarding culture and physical punishment as depicted in the research are not always the case. References American Psychological Association. (1975). Resolution on Corporal Punishment. Washington. Bachar, E., Canetti, L., Bonne, O., Denour, A. K., Shalev, A. Y. (1997). Physical Punishment and Signs of Mental Distress in Normal Adolescents. Adolescence, 32(128), 945. Garrett, D. (1995). Violent Behaviors among African-American Adolescents. Adolescence, 30(117), 209. Gracia, E., Herrero, J. (2008). Is It Considered Violence? The Acceptability of Physical Punishment of Children in Europe. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(1), 210. Hardy, K. V., Laszloffy, T. A. (2005). Teens Who Hurt: Clinical Interventions to Break the Cycle of Adolescent Violence. New York: Guilford Press. Holt, M. K., Espelage, D. L. (2005). Social Support as a Moderator between Dating Violence Victimization and Depression/anxiety among African American and Caucasian Adolescents. School Psychology Review, 34(3), 309 Hyman, I. A. Wise, J. H. (Eds.). (1979). Corporal Punishment in American Education Readings in History, Practice, and Alternatives. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Lytton, H. (1997). Physical Punishment is a Problem, Whether Conduct Disorder is Endogenous or Not. Psychological Inquiry, 8(3), 211-214. Mosby, L., Rawls, A. W., Meehan, A. J., Mays, E., Pettinari, C. J. (1999). Troubles in Interracial Talk about Discipline: An Examination of African American Child Rearing Narratives. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 30(3), 489.Van Ijzendoorn, Muwakkil, S. (2006, September 8). Corporal Punishment’s Hidden Costs. In These Times . H., C Tavecchio, L. W., Stams, G., Verhoeven, M., Reiling, E. (1998). Attunement between Parents and Professional Caregivers: a Comparison of Childrearing Attitudes in Different Child-care Settings. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60(3), 771. Roy, A. (2003). African American and Caucasian Attempters Compared for Suicide Risk Factors: A Preliminary Study. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior , 33 (4), 443-447. Siegel, L. J., Welsh, B. C. (2008). Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice, and Law. Auckland New Zealand : Cengage Learning. Werkle, C. Wall, A. (Eds.). (2002). The Violence and Addiction Equation: Theoretical and Clinical Issues in Substance Abuse and Relationship Violence. New York: Brunner/Routledge. Westman, J. C. (1994). Licensing Parents: Can We Prevent Child Abuse and Neglect. New York: Insight Books.