Manufacturing alumina Free Essays

The creation of aluminum starts with the mining and beneficiation of bauxite. At the mine (as a rule of the surface sort), bauxite mineral is evacuated to a smasher. The squashed metal is then screened and amassed, prepared for conveyance to an alumina plant. We will compose a custom paper test on Assembling alumina or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now At the alumina plant, the bauxite mineral is additionally squashed or ground to the right molecule size for effective extraction of the alumina through assimilation by hot sodium hydroxide alcohol. After evacuation of â€Å"red mud† (the insoluble piece of the bauxite) and fine solids from the procedure alcohol, aluminum trihydrate precious stones are accelerated and calcined in revolving ovens or fluidized bed calciners to deliver alumina (Al2O3). (Bounicore Wayne 1992) Some alumina forms incorporate an alcohol refinement step. Essential aluminum is created by the electrolytic decrease of the alumina. The alumina is broken down in a liquid shower of fluoride intensifies (the electrolyte), and an electric flow is gone through the shower, making the alumina separate to shape fluid aluminum and oxygen. The oxygen responds with carbon in the terminal to deliver carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Liquid aluminum gathers in the base of the individual cells or pots and is evacuated under vacuum into tapping pots. . Contingent upon the ideal application, extra refining might be essential. For demagging (expulsion of magnesium from the dissolve), unsafe substances, for example, chlorine and hexachloroethane are frequently utilized, which may deliver dioxins and dibenzofurans. (Bounicore Wayne 1992) Mechanical types of aluminum incorporate industrially unadulterated metal and composites with different metals, for example, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, titanium and zinc. Aluminum compounds may contain as much as fifteen percent of the alloying metals. In powder structure, aluminum and its amalgams are burnable in air and present a potential blast danger. In sheet or square structures, aluminum won't regularly proliferate or support ignition. (Metals Alloys, 1976) Perils and Risks Entail in Processing At the bauxite creation offices, dust is produced to the climate from dryers and materials-taking care of hardware, through vehicular development, and from impacting. The residue isn't risky; it tends to be a disturbance if control frameworks are not set up, particularly on the dryers and taking care of gear. Other air discharges could incorporate nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and different results of burning from the bauxite dryers. (Paris Com, 1992) Mineral washing and beneficiation may yield process wastewaters containing suspended solids. Overflow from precipitation may likewise contain suspended solids. At the alumina plant, air emanations can incorporate bauxite dust from dealing with and preparing; limestone dust from limestone taking care of, consumed lime dust from transports and receptacles, alumina dust from materials taking care of, red mud residue and sodium salts from red mud stacks impoundments), burning pressurized canned products from cooling towers, and results of ignition, for example, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from boilers, calciners, versatile hardware, and ovens. The calciners may likewise produce alumina dust and the ovens, consumed lime dust. In spite of the fact that alumina plants don't typically release effluents, overwhelming rainfalls can bring about surface spillover that surpasses what plant can use in process. (Brady Humiston, 1982) Hydrogen Generating Reactions Aluminum is a responsive metal, and the best modern dangers related with aluminum are compound responses. Aluminum is a magnificent lessening operator, and ought to respond with water promptly to free hydrogen. Be that as it may, the defensive aluminum oxide covering shields it from response with dampness or oxygen. On the off chance that the defensive covering is broken, for instance, by scratching or by amalgamation (the way toward covering with a film of mercury wherein the metallic aluminum disintegrates; the aluminum oxide covering doesn't cling to the amalgamated surface), fast response with dampness as well as oxygen can happen. The essentialness of this response is needy upon the amount of aluminum accessible to respond. Aluminum is additionally oxidized by heat at a temperature subordinate rate. (Gaze, Beddow, Chen, Butler, 1982) Aluminum metal is amphoteric (shows both acidic and fundamental attributes). Subsequently, aluminum will respond with acids or bases; the two responses free hydrogen, a combustible gas. Be that as it may, aluminum doesn't respond with concentrated nitric corrosive in light of the fact that the oxidizing capability of the corrosive adds to the development of the defensive aluminum oxide covering. (Martin, 1976) Thermite Reactions Aluminum promptly removes oxygen from other metal oxides to frame aluminum oxide with the synchronous arrival of a lot of warmth (enough warmth to liquefy the results of the response). For instance, the response of aluminum with ferric oxide to deliver fluid aluminum oxide and fluid iron produces temperatures moving toward 3000 °C (5400 °F). This response, alluded to as the â€Å"thermite reaction,† has been utilized to weld huge masses of iron and steel; when encased in a metal chamber and touched off by a lace of magnesium has been utilized in flammable bombs; and, with ammonium perchlorate included as an oxidizer, has given the push to the space transport sponsor rockets. (May Berard, 1987) Residue Explosions A residue blast is an unpredictable wonder including synchronous force, vitality, and mass vehicle in a responsive multi-stage framework. Aluminum particles, when in residue, powder, or chip structures from activities, for example, fabricating powder, crushing, completing, and handling, might be suspended as a residue cloud in air and thus may light and cause genuine harm. On the off chance that the residue cloud is unconfined, the impact is just one of blaze fire. Assuming, in any case, the touched off residue cloud is at any rate incompletely kept, the warmth of ignition may bring about quickly expanding weight and produce blast impacts, for example, cracking of the keeping structure. Aluminum dust isn't in every case effectively ignitable, and, along these lines, the peril of residue blasts is frequently disregarded. Least touchy centralizations of aluminum dust have been accounted for upwards from around 40 grams for each cubic meter (0.04 ounces per cubic foot) of air. (May Berard, 1987) Consequences for Health Aluminum particles stored in the eye may cause neighborhood tissue pulverization. Aluminum salts may cause skin inflammation, conjunctivitis, dermatoses, and aggravation of the upper respiratory framework by means of hydrolysis-freed corrosive. Aluminum isn't for the most part viewed as a modern toxic substance, in spite of the fact that inward breath of finely isolated aluminum powder has been accounted for as a reason for pneumoconiosis. In most insightful cases, nonetheless, it was discovered that introduction was not exclusively to aluminum, however to a blend of aluminum, silica, iron tidies, and different materials. Aluminum in pressurized canned products has been referenced in considers including Alzheimer’s sickness. Most exposures to aluminum happen in purifying and refining forms. Since aluminum might be alloyed with different metals, each metal (e.g., copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese, nickel, chromium, lead, and so on.) may potentially introduce its own wellbeing dangers. (Buonicore Davis, 1992) Suggestion Aluminum dust is firmly fibrogenic. Metallic aluminum residue may cause nodular lung fibrosis, interstitial lung fibrosis, and emphysema as demonstrated in creature experimentation, and impacts give off an impression of being corresponded to molecule size of the dust30; be that as it may, when presentation to aluminum tidies have been concentrated in man, most exposures have been seen as to different synthetics just as aluminum. (Buonicore Davis, 1992) Wellbeing Measures: Prevention and Control The American Council of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) suggests the requirement for five separate Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for aluminum, contingent upon its structure (aluminum metal residue, aluminum pyro powders, aluminum welding vapor, aluminum solvent salts, and aluminum alkyls). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has likewise settled Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) for aluminum. (May Berard, 1987) Contamination counteraction is constantly wanted to the utilization of end-of-pipe contamination control offices. In this manner each endeavor ought to be made to join cleaner creation procedures and offices to restrain, at source, the amount of contaminations produced. In the bauxite mine, where beneficiation and metal washing are polished, tailings slurry of 7†9% solids is created for removal. The favored innovation is to focus these tailings and discard them in the mined-out zone. A grouping of 25â€30% can be accomplished through gravity settling in a tailings lake. The tailings can be additionally thought, utilizing a thickener, to 30â€50%, yielding a generously volume diminished slurry. The alumina plant releases red mud in slurry of 25â€30% solids, and this likewise presents a chance to lessen removal volumes. (May Berard, 1987) Today’s innovation, as high-effectiveness profound thickeners, and huge distance across regular thickeners, can create a mud of 50â€60% solids fixation. The lime utilized in the process structures insoluble solids that leave the plant alongside the red mud. Reusing the lime utilized as a separating help to processing to dislodge the new lime that is ordinarily included now can limit these lime-based solids. At long last, emanating volume from the alumina plant can be limited or wiped out by great structure and working works on: diminishing the water added to the procedure, isolating condensates and reusing to the procedure, and utilizing water simultaneously. (Gaze, Beddow, Chen, Butler, 1982) References Brady, James E. what's more, Humiston, Gerard E. (1982), General Chemistry: Principles and Structure, Third Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Bounicore, Anthony J., and Wayne T. Davis, eds. (1992), Air Pollut

Extra Credit Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Additional Credit Assignment - Essay Example Individuals in Orlando started to accept the media reports arbitrarily, albeit a large portion of them were not so much dependent on established truths, this exposition endeavors to look at the foundation and impacts of Casey Anthony preliminary corresponding to Orlando. The vanishing and passing of a young lady youngster Caylee Anthony got high media consideration and activated extensive legitimate discussion in USA. A while later, the preliminary of Casey Anthony (mother of Caylee) pulled in noteworthy inclusion in social, national, and worldwide media. On eighteenth July, 2008, Cindy Anthony (grandma of Caylee) announced that her granddaughter had disappeared. Just about five months after the fact, Caylee’s skeleton was found in a wilderness zone in closeness to the family home. In this manner, Casey Anthony was charged of having killed her little girl and a thorough preliminary started. The arraignment charged Casey of first degree murder and looked for capital punishment for her (Fuhrman, 3). Be that as it may, the jury didn't see Casey as liable for kid misuse and murder. Yet, it was held that she had given deluding data to the police in association with the case. Subsequently, she was given a decision of four years in jail and an all ou t fine of $4000 was charged. At last, she was discharged on seventeenth July, 2011 because of good conduct and the credit for the time previously served. The instance of Casey effectsly affected the global and national media and general supposition. Along these lines, in Orlando region as well, the preliminary had an impact that could be profoundly felt. Could a mother murder her more than two years of age kid? How might one homicide a kid in such a merciless way? How is the general public everywhere liable for what was the deal? The inquiries that lingered noticeable all around were uncomfortable to reply. Citing from Fuhrman (2), the advancements can be clarified in the accompanying manner: â€Å"This is the narrative of how the media make interchange real factors that serve their mission for evaluations, while the criminal examination that may tackle the case is everything except crashed. The

How Common Is Female Sexual Harassment

How Common Is Female Sexual Harassment Stress Management Job Stress Workplace Bullying Print How Common Is Female Sexual Harassment? By Sherri Gordon facebook twitter Sherri Gordon is a published author and a bullying prevention expert. Learn about our editorial policy Sherri Gordon Updated on September 18, 2019 Hinterhaus Productions/Getty Images More in Stress Management Job Stress Workplace Bullying Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress When former  Thinx CEO Miki Agrawal came up with the concept of “period proof underwear,” the company was applauded for its commitment to empowering women and de-stigmatizing menstruation. So when Agrawal, a self-described feminist who claimed she created an open and safe working environment, was accused of sexually harassing her predominately female staff, people were shocked. Here was a company touted as a trailblazing feminist organization with a former CEO accused of female-to-female sexual harassment. How could that be? What Is Same-Sex Sexual Harassment? When most people think about sexual harassment in the workplace, they envision a man harassing a woman. But there are cases where women harass women, men harass men, and women harass men. In fact, the law  prohibits sexual harassment by either men or women against people of the same and opposite gender.?? Sexual harassment falls under Title VII, which is a law against sexual discrimination in the workplace. It occurs when someone engages in unwelcome sexual conduct in the workplace that affects you, your job, the work environment, as well as others in the workplace.Under the law, there are two types of sexual harassment claims:Quid pro quo claimsHostile environment claims With quid pro quo claims, a supervisor or someone with authority over an employee requests or implies an unwelcome sexual demand in exchange for something on the job, such as getting a promotion or not being fired. Meanwhile, a hostile environment occurs when the environment at work becomes intimidating or offensive because of sexual actions and comments. Examples might include sexual jokes and comments, sexual bullying, lewd remarks,  demeaning pictures, and unwanted sexting.   In the Thinx case, Agrawal allegedly had  an obsession with one employee’s breasts, touching them without permission and asking her to expose them.?? She was also accused of holding routine video conference meetings while naked in bed and frequently changing clothes in front of employees.   What’s more, there are reports that she conducted  at least one FaceTime meeting while sitting on a toilet and regularly discussed her sexual exploits, including polyamory. Other reports indicate she  expressed an interest in having a sexual relationship with at least one of her female employees.?? Why Dont People Report Same-Sex Sexual Harassment? Most researchers suggest that the actual number of people who have experienced same-sex sexual harassment is likely higher than what is currently being reported.?? In fact, it is extremely difficult to measure how frequently it occurs in the workplace because people often never file a complaint.   Aside from the fact that it is difficult to report and prove, victims of sexual harassment often worry that they are somehow to blame for the unwelcome sexual advances.?? Whats more, they worry about what others will think of them if they do file a report, especially when the harasser is the same gender. They are often riddled with embarrassment and shame over what is happening to them. Another reason for failing to report sexual harassment includes fear of retaliation. Research has found that sexual harassment is often ignored or trivialized by management within organizations.?? Additionally, when victims do say something about the treatment or ask that it stop, they are often met with hostility and accusations. Experts expect to see a rise in the number of same-sex sexual harassment complaints as employees become more empowered. In general, people are more willing to  stand up to others  and point out that their civil rights have been violated. Why Do People Sexually Harass Others? Too often, when someone is sexually harassed at work, people start to question the role the victim played in the abuse. But psychologists caution against this victim-blaming  viewpoint.?? Most would argue that regardless of the perpetrators gender and sexual orientation, sexual harassment is driven by anger and insecurity as much as it is by attraction.   In fact, most people who sexually harass others, regardless of whether they are men or women, are looking to control and dominate others.  The harasser feels more in control when  she has power over someone else. Whats more, some harassers are looking to embarrass and humiliate their targets rather than sexually stimulate or flirt with them. Sexual harassment is more about using a position of power to control and hurt someone else. Meanwhile, others say that in the workplace sexual harassment is a form of manipulation.?? Its a way to inadvertently devalue someones work by calling attention to their sexuality instead. How Often It  Occurs According to a 2015 survey, one out of three women between the ages of 18 and 34  experiences sexual harassment at work. Of those women, 81 percent of them have experienced verbal harassment, 44 percent have received sexual advances and unwanted touching, and 25 percent have dealt with lewd texts or emails. Meanwhile, 75 percent of women were harassed by male coworkers and 10 percent by female coworkers.   Yet, very few women are reporting the abuse. In fact, 71 percent of women say that they never reported the sexual harassment they endured at work. And of the 29 percent who did report the harassment, only 15 percent felt it was handled properly.   For those who work to educate others about sexual harassment prevention, these figures are particularly  disappointingâ€"especially considering that the Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that 70 percent of employers provide sexual harassment training and 98 percent of companies have sexual harassment policies.??   If you have been a victim of sexual harassment at work, let someone in management or human resources know what you are experiencing. And if they do not take you seriously, contact the EEOC or an attorney for suggestions on what to do next.

Working With Groups Of Domestic Violence Essay - 803 Words

This journal article will discuss group work in the beginning phase and will discuss working with groups of domestic violence with adults, teenagers and dating violence, and children and domestic violence groups. The case examples will discuss the tasks and skills necessary in the beginning phase such as establishing a contract, cultivating group cohesion, and shaping norms of participation. In addition, the required knowledge will be discussed for the beginning phase which include, understanding the interactions, relevant theories and evidence-based practices, and understanding the group types to name a few examples. Furthermore, this journal entry will discuss what the outcomes of the groups would be and how they may help the individuals in the treatment groups which include adults, teenagers, and children. 3.3 Journal Group Work in the Beginning Phase Example 1: Domestic Violence Group with Adults Demonstrate Critical Tasks and Skills. The critical tasks and skills required for working with a domestic violence group with adults, include establishing a contract, cultivating group cohesion, and shaping norms and participation of the group members and the group as a whole. When establishing a contract for the group it would be necessary for the group and the social worker to identify the tasks that need to be accomplished, the goals that want to be accomplished which include group goals and individual goals for the members, and process for achieving the goals andShow MoreRelatedInterpersonal Violence And Promoting Gender Justice829 Words   |  4 Pagesa New York City nonprofit organization dedicated to preventing interpersonal violence and promoting gender justice. It was founded in 1993 in NYC, and operates at a local level. CONNECT is a leading, non-profit training, educational and advocacy organization dedicated to the prevention and elimination of interpersonal violence. CONNECT’s multi-level approaches deal with both the systemic and individual roots of violence. In order to align with CONNECT’S mission, a major goal includes transformingRead MoreAn Informational Interview: Sarah Buel1041 Words   |  4 Pagesof work involving domestic violence, though I am still uncertain of the nature of that work. As a result, I decide to interview Sarah Buel. Sarah Buel is a noted attorney in the field of domestic violence. Currently a Clinical Professor and Founding Director of the Diane Halle Center for Family Justice at the Sandra Day OConnor College of Law at Arizona State University, Buel was one of the names that came up most frequently as I was looking into the field of domestic violence (Sandra Day OConnorRead MoreDomestic Violence Awareness1353 Words   |  5 PagesDomestic Violence Awareness Each month 1 to 3 women will experience domestic violence or also known as intimate partner violence. 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This is why these improvements to Dove, Inc. will be more efficient in reaching all groups of intimate partner violence victims. Bowers et al. (2016) state that â€Å"domestic violence crosses all ra cial, culturalRead MoreSpecific Concern:. Women Who Have Experienced The Trauma1080 Words   |  5 Pagesthe trauma of domestic violence and have disorders such as PTSD, general anxiety disorder, battered women syndrome (BWS), depressive disorders, and dissociation. Name of Program Transformation Healing Empowerment Sailing Program (THESP) Mission and Vision TESP is a program developed for healing, transformation and empowering women of domestic violence (DV). This program is designed for those who have been stuck in the pattern of domestic abuse violence of all forms. Forms of domestic abuse include

Taking a Look at Lewis Carroll - 1960 Words

Lewis Carroll was born on January 27, 1832, as Charles Lutwidge Dodgson to a family of workers in the army and Church (and a whole family full of Charles’). His great-grandfather, also Charles Dodgson, had been a bishop. His grandfather, another Charles Dodgson, had been an army captain and ended up being killed in battle, leaving two children behind. The elder son, Charles, went to Westminster and then Oxford. This Charles married his cousin in 1827 and became a country parson. Out of this marriage came yet another Charles. Our Charles, who came to use the penname of Lewis Carroll (and, gee, I wonder why). He was the third of eleven children who, remarkably, all lived to adulthood. The first years of his education were spent at home and consisted of reading materials and progressing at his own rate. By the age of seven, he was reading The Pilgrim’s Progress. It’s been said that he was originally left-handed but was forced to adapt to use his right hand, which wa s not an uncommon practice at the time. There is no evidence of such a thing happening, though, nor of the trauma it supposedly caused a young Carroll (VictorianWeb). He began attending Oxford in 1851. After attending the school for two days, however, he was called home due to his mother’s death. Young Charles didn’t let her death distract too much from his path at Oxford. He did not always give his best or work his hardest in his academic career, but he was an exceptionally gifted student and achievement cameShow MoreRelated The Mathematical Aspects of Lewis Carrolls Alice in Wonderland1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe Mathematical Aspects of Lewis Carrolls Alice in Wonderland The story Alice in Wonderland was written about a little girl named Alice who was a child of the dean of the Church of Christ. 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The Impact Of Literature On Literature And The Social View...

Literature possess the capability to vastly influence the world, and those who find a way to impact literature drive the powerful influence. Few people in the history of literature publicized as many thoughts and critical views as T.S. Eliot, and by disseminating his opinions throughout the literature world, Eliot found a way to communicate new perspectives and tastes in literature (Worthen). Born in the fall of 1888, T.S. Eliot grew up to become one of the most influential poets of all time, as he found a unique way of communicating through literature. Sometimes referred to as the â€Å"keeper of the language† or the â€Å"model poet of our time† Eliot presented powerful criticisms of society, while brilliantly presenting his ideas through essays†¦show more content†¦Containing stories, news, and opinions of both T.S. Eliot and others who wrote about him, The Letters of T.S. Eliot offer an inside perspective on Eliot’s life.. In Volume 1 of the revised edition of the letters Patrick Query describes how T.S. Eliot felt so much passion for culture and how it must improve (Letters, Volume 1). In the volume, the writer states that Eliot started a movement to modernize literature all on his own. Eliot contained such a strong passion for making the world a better place, that as society generally acted apathetic towards life, Eliot strived for a culture where people actually inserted energy and passion into life. Also, in John Worthen’s biography of T.S. Eliot, the author believes Eliot focused the entire masterpiece of Four Quartets on illustrating to his audience despite painful times in life, people must focus more on the beauty of life (Worthen). Devoting much of his literature career to impacting society, Eliot often focused on changing the lack of enthusiasm culture contained. Besides driving culture forward in passion for life, Eliot lived at the forefront of contemporary literature. Before the 20th century, literature foll owed many traditions and guidelines throughout its poems, essays, novels, and plays, but T.S. Eliot played a significant role in bringing about literary modernism. One of Eliot’s great works, Four QuartetsShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Literature On Literature And The Social View Of Poetry1724 Words   |  7 Pages Literature possesses the capability to vastly influence the world, and those who find a way to impact literature drive the powerful influence. Few people in the history of literature publicized as many thoughts and critical views as T.S. Eliot, and by disseminating his opinions throughout the literature world, Eliot found a way to communicate new perspectives and tastes in literature (Worthen). Born in the fall of 1888, T.S. Eliot grew up to become one of the most influential poets of all time,Read MoreLangston Hughes : Black Poets Impact On African American Literature857 Words   |  4 Pages Texas Southern University Black Poets Impact In African American Literature Michael Winston English 132-11 Prof. Dr. Harmon 11-20-2017 African American literature is literature written from African descents that focused on the early time to recent time movements. Early as the 1700’s and late as the 1900’s where African American literature was in progress. Poetry was a substantial part of African American literature, because black poets talked about culture, racism, slavery, andRead MoreGeoffrey Chaucer s Impact On Literature1231 Words   |  5 PagesGeoffrey Chaucer’s Impact on Literature: English poet Geoffrey Chaucer is acclaimed to be one of the best and most influential poets in history. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote several famous literary works in what is called middle English. 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In these centuries, the African American Literature was born and based its focus on themes of interest of a select group of people who were known as Negroes, along with oral poetry, gospel music, blues and rap (â€Å"African America literature† 1). African American Literature began with slavery and colonization, however, was not originated until the attention of the Caucasian audience was pronounced with theRead MoreInfluences of the Romantic Period1575 Words   |  7 Pagescontrasted the then prevalent classical forms of literature such as the French Neoclassical Tragedy. But this new emotional literary expression would be a key part of literature during the Romantic Era (Britannica). Literature during the Romantic Era was influenc ed by politics and major historical events and social reforms, religion, science, economics, and art and music. 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Literature possesses the capability to vastly influence the world, and those who find a way to impact literature drive the powerful influence. Few people in the history of literature publicized as many thoughts and critical views as T.S. Eliot, and by disseminating his opinions throughout the literature world, Eliot found a way to communicate new perspectives and tastes in literature (Worthen). Born in the fall of 1888, T.S. Eliot grew up to become one of the most influential poets of all time, as he found a unique way of communicating through literature. Sometimes referred to as the â€Å"keeper of the language† or the â€Å"model poet of our time† Eliot presented powerful criticisms of society, while brilliantly presenting his ideas through†¦show more content†¦Beyond the poetry he wrote, Eliot drove the world to modernist views through essays and other means of literature. Containing stories, news, and opinions of both T.S. Eliot and others who wrote about h im, The Letters of T.S. Eliot offer an inside perspective on Eliot’s life (Eliot and Haffenden). In Volume 1 of the revised edition of the letters Patrick Query describes how T.S. Eliot felt so much passion for culture and how it must improve (Letters, Volume 1). In the volume, the writer states Eliot started a movement to modernize literature all on his own. Eliot contained such a strong passion for making the world a better place, that as society generally acted apathetically towards life, Eliot strived for a culture where people actually inserted energy and passion into life (Poetry Foundation). Also, in John Worthen’s biography of T.S. Eliot, the author believes Eliot focused the entire masterpiece of Four Quartets on illustrating to his audience despite painful times in life, people must focus more on the beauty of life (Worthen). After addressing the aspects of society he believed needed to improve, Eliot wrote several poems on each topic which showed the beauty of his opinion and a more joyful culture. The Waste Land helps describe how to improve the war stricken world, and other poems such as Four Quartets and The Sacred Wood deal with other cultural characteristics Eliot strived to improve. Devoting much of his literature career to impactingShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Literature On Literature And The Social View Of Poetry1391 Words   |  6 Pages Literature possess the capability to vastly influence the world, and those who find a way to impact literature drive the powerful influence. Few people in the history of literature publicized as many thoughts and critical views as T.S. Eliot, and by disseminating his opinions throughout the literature world, Eliot found a way to communicate new perspectives and tastes in literature (Worthen). Born in the fall of 1888, T.S. 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In these centuries, the African American Literature was born and based its focus on themes of interest of a select group of people who were known as Negroes, along with oral poetry, gospel music, blues and rap (â€Å"African America literature† 1). African American Literature began with slavery and colonization, however, was not originated until the attention of the Caucasian audience was pronounced with theRead MoreInfluences of the Romantic Period1575 Words   |  7 Pagescontrasted the then prevalent classical forms of literature such as the French Neoclassical Tragedy. But this new emotional literary expression would be a key part of literature during the Romantic Era (Britannica). Literature during the Romantic Era was influenc ed by politics and major historical events and social reforms, religion, science, economics, and art and music. Literature of the Romantic Era was heavily influenced by the politics, major events and social reforms of the time, the most notable beingRead MoreThe Feminist: Aphra Behn Essay786 Words   |  4 PagesIn the 17th century a writer named Aphra Behn emerged as leader in English literature. With a shaky beginning, Behn persevered to become the first female professional writer. With her feminist opinions, she revolutionized writing and her impacts in the 17th century would change modern day writing. Behn was a clever writer who wrote lively, vibrant plays and poetry. Behn impacted the world, not only with her writing, but also with her determination and voice about her feminist opinions. Behn showedRead MoreCritical Analysis of Romanticism1387 Words   |  6 PagesThis literature review will critically analyse a range of arguments and perspectives by literary critics and historians and their views will be pertinent to the study of Romanticism . Due to the scale of research i n Romantic literature as a discipline, the main focus in this paper will concentrate primarily on two major paradigms in Romantic literature. These two aspects are referred to as Romantic nature and Romantic sublime. The paper will be organised and divided into twoRead MoreT.S. Eliots Writing Style and Use of Symbolism790 Words   |  4 Pagesrisk going too far can possibly find out how far one can go,† T.S. Eliot is basically trying to say that only people who push their limit can actually see how much they can really accomplish. T.S. Eliot made poetry that showed his negative views on life, people, and world. T.S. Eliot took poetry to another level by the way he writes and uses symbolism. Thomas Stearns was born on September 26, 1888. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri. His father was Henry ware Eliot who was the president of the Hydraulic-press

Macroeconomics Healthcare Essay Example For Students

Macroeconomics Healthcare Essay Macroeconomics of Healthcare Douglas A. Propp, MD, MS, FACEP, CPE Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine Advocate-Lutheran General Hospital Clinical Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine University of Chicago As Emergency Physicians, we are frequently peripherally exposed to healthcare economic statistics, policies, and debates with little concern for mastering these concepts, feeling that they have little to do with our practice of Emergency Medicine. Although a working knowledge of microeconomics will not aid in arriving at the diagnosis for the elderly patient with mental status changes who we are evaluation at 3 A. M. , an understanding of these principles will enhance our roles in positively contributing to the healthcare debate, given our overall limited societal resources. Although not intended to be comprehensive, I will introduce several relevant concepts to hopefully whet your appetite in case you want to pursue them further. Economics Economics is the study of how resources are allocated with the marketplace. 1 I make the analogy between the disciplines of Physics and Economics. Whereas Physics are the laws which explain the observed behavior of matter, Economics are the rules which explain the behavior of people who pursue (and compete with others for) the limited resources (goods, currency, health, etc. ) within a society. The interest in healthcare economics has blossomed over the past several decades as spending on healthcare has continued to escalate, now representing well over $1 trillion (with approximately 40% going to hospitals and 20% going to doctors), and occupying over 16% of the nations Gross Domestic Product (cumulative value of domestic goods and services produced). Many of the healthcare economic principles focus on how people make decisions related to expenditures for the health given competing alternative (e. g. , food, clothing, housing, hobbies, travel, education, etc. ) Insurance Insurance allows typically risk-averse individuals to face uncertainty and spread their potential financial risk across a large number of people, thus limiting the maximal exposure for any one individual. By capitalizing on the law of large numbers, an individual, for example, would not have to pay the total cost of replacing an automobile destroyed in a collision or an expensive hospitalization due to unanticipated but inevitable illness or injury. Unlike other countries, and certainly since the introduction of the Medicare and Medicaid programs in the 1960s, American have relied on health insurance to fun their consumption of healthcare resources. Insurance companies, who indemnify the cumulative financial risk of the covered group, utilize various methodologies to determine a fair price for their product. Their risk is related to arriving at a fair up front premium prior to them realizing the subsequent costs during the coverage period. Experience rating (based on knowledge of prior claims of the covered group) differs from community rating where the insurance company prices their product to cover all subscribers in a given location, irrespective of age or health experience. For a comparably priced product, one could expect insurance companies to pursue healthier individuals for their coverage (favorable selection) rather than the sick and elderly who are likely to have increased consumption of healthcare resources (adverse selection). It has been well studied that individuals who benefit from insurance coverage (not limited to healthcare) tend to over-utilize resources, compared to their use if they had to pay for all of the consumed resources themselves. Who hasnt had patients request unnecessary x-rays, assuring us that their insurance will pay for it? This concept of insurance induced demand is referred to as the Moral Hazard. 2 As we look for explanations for why the cost of healthcare continues to escalate; many have identified this moral hazard related to health insurance as a major contributor. .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 , .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .postImageUrl , .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 , .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1:hover , .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1:visited , .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1:active { border:0!important; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1:active , .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1 .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8020bf34b87dc1193d2aec132ef870d1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Soon after the Revolutionary War in America, a new EssayOver the past several decades we have witnessed innovative mechanisms for the transfer of financial risk to both patient and/or provider (physician and hospital) in order to constrain healthcare expenditures. Whereas indemnity insurance was formerly the prevalent means to fund healthcare expenses in this country, the increasing impact of co-payments and deductibles assumed by the consumer has limited resource demand. In addition, capitation which provides an upfront fixed payment to the provider, allowing them to manage the financial risk associated with subsequent expenditures for their patients gained popularity ove r the past decade. Many have questioned whether the behavior required of the provider in order to balance the revenues and expenses inherent in a capitation arrangement could be appropriately managed within the context of the overriding patient-physician relationship and might even violate the ethical principle of patient beneficence. One should be able to see that different provider (physician or hospital) behavior can be incentivized based on the payment methodology utilized. For example, if a hospital was paid a fixed amount of money for a hospitalization (e. g. DRG), it would be incentivized to limit both the length of stay and intensity of services for the patient. On the other hand, if the payment methodology was fee for service, the institution might attempt to increase both the length of stay and intensity of services. A per diem arrangement where the hospital receives a fixed daily payment would incentivize a longer length of stay but decreased intensity of services for the patient. Finally, c apitation would incentivize minimizing the opportunity for the utilization of costly services (e. g. hospitalizations). Supply and Demand Within any marketplace there are those willing to supply a good and other interested in acquiring the same good. One would expect the supplier to seek to extract a higher price for the transfer of a good to a demander who would be interested in minimizing their expenditure. The transfer of goods is consummated when two parties can agree on the appropriate transaction equilibrium price. Elasticity refers to how much the demand for a product (dependent variable) would be affected by a change in its price (independent variable). For example, the demand for the pain relief and care of a fractured leg would be inelastic, as the patient would highly value immediate care, regardless of the price. On the other hand, an individual (facing competing choices for their limited disposable income) might, for example, defer the purchase of needed medications for the silent hypertension if its price increased a relatively small amount (a highly elastic demand), instead of deciding to allocate their resources for an overdue vacation. The theory of agency refers to the scenario where one person with unique knowledge (e. . the physician agent) is given the authority to make decision by, and for the less informed principal (patient). There are few similarities outside of healthcare, to the common practice, for example, where a physician can order expensive tests and/or medications for the patient, based on asymmetric knowledge, while transferring the financial risk to the patient or third party payor (insurance company) for that decision (with the exception of a capitation arrangement). This creates the opportunity for supplier induced demand where the physicians is increasing the cost of care (e. . ordering more tests) with the ulterior motive presumably being to positively impact their own wellbeing (e. g. personal income). Costs There are many different types of costs that define a health care event. 3 Direct costs are those which can be accurately correlated with an event. For example, the direct cost of the reagents and technician time needed to perform a given test in the lab contrasts with the indirect costs (overhead) of the rent, heat, quality control and Pathology Directors salary in order to ultimately support the performance of the test. .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 , .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .postImageUrl , .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 , .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572:hover , .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572:visited , .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572:active { border:0!important; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572:active , .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572 .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7aec3a4185d2e655cc951cb1e7add572:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Physical education in elementry grades EssayFixed costs are those that do not vary based on the volume of output or production. For example, the cost of the x-ray machine does not change whether one or thousands of films are obtained by its use. The variable cost of the leaded fill however does depend directly on how many files are obtained. For any given decision, there is the forgone alternate decision that might have been chosen by an individual. When one analyzes each of these decisions, the opportunity cost related to the value of the alternative not selected must be acknowledged. For example, if one chooses to allocate personal resources to a high fat diet instead of antihypertensive medication, one should factor in the opportunity cost of the good health which is given up (e. g. morbidity and mortality related to a subsequent cardiovascular event) into that decision when evaluating all costs. As the risk of ill health becomes more likely, and its opportunity cost increases, the rational decision-maker would pursuer a better diet and compliance with anti-hypertensive treatment. Unfortunately, opportunity costs are frequently ignored when less than ideal decision-making occurs. Although this review is not intended to be exhaustive, I hope that the reader ill be intrigued to learn more about the many of the principles described, so that they can better assume the leadership role many physicians have unfortunately abdicated to others as we as a society struggle to maximize the cumulative value (quality/cost) of healthcare. 1 Folland S. , Goodman A, Stano M. The Economics of Health and Health Care. Prentice Hall, New Jersey 1997. 2 Phelps C. Health Economics. Harper Collins, New York 1992. 3 Propp DA, Fixed vs. Variable Costs of Hospital Care JAMA August 18, 1999; Vol. 282 (7): 630.